Lýsing:
Connecting the study of cognition to everyday life, Goldstein and van Hooff's bestselling text Cognitive Psychology provides an accessible and engaging introduction to the subject, giving insight into the many psychological and physiological aspects of human behaviour. Now in its third edition and containing the latest stimulating research, this text helps students navigate through all the major sub-disciplines and key concepts of cognitive psychology.
Annað
- Höfundar: E. Bruce Goldstein, Johanna C. van Hooff
- Útgáfa:3
- Útgáfudagur: 2023-12-13
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- Format:Page Fidelity
- ISBN 13: 9781473792746
- Print ISBN: 9781473791282
- ISBN 10: 1473792746
Efnisyfirlit
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- About the authors
- Brief Contents
- Contents
- CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
- Cognitive psychology: Studying the mind
- What is the mind?
- Studying the mind: Pioneering studies
- Research box 1.1: Applying Donders’ subtraction method to brain imaging
- Abandoning the study of the mind
- 1913: Watson founds behaviourism
- 1938: Skinner’s operant conditioning
- Setting the stage for the re-emergence of the mind in psychology
- The rebirth of the study of the mind
- Introduction of the digital computer
- Artificial intelligence and information theory
- The cognitive “revolution” took a while
- Looking ahead
- Modern research in cognitive psychology
- The role of models in cognitive psychology
- Something to consider
- Benefits for science, society and you!
- TEST YOURSELF 1.1
- Chapter summary
- Think about it
- Key terms
- CogLab experiment
- Cognitive psychology: Studying the mind
- CHAPTER 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
- Why study cognitive neuroscience?
- Neurons: Communication and representation
- The microstructure of the brain: Neurons
- The signals that travel in neurons
- Method: Recording from a neuron
- The principle of neural representation
- Representation by neurons
- Sensory coding
- TEST YOURSELF 2.1
- Organization: Neuropsychology
- Localization demonstrated by neuropsychology
- Method: Demonstrating a double dissociation
- Organization: Brain imaging
- Brain imaging evidence for localization of function
- Method: Functional magnetic resonance imaging
- Distributed representation across the brain
- All together now: Neural networks
- Method: Electroencephalography
- Method: Magnetoencephalography
- Something to consider
- From correlation to causation
- TEST YOURSELF 2.2
- Chapter summary
- Think about it
- Key terms
- CogLab experiment
- CHAPTER 3: Perception
- The nature of perception
- Some basic characteristics of perception
- Going beyond light-dark patterns
- Why is it so difficult to design a perceiving machine?
- The stimulus on the receptors is ambiguous
- Objects can be hidden or blurred
- Objects look different from different viewpoints
- Information for human perception
- Perceiving objects and people: The role of context
- Hearing words in a sentence: The role of knowledge and experience
- Experiencing pain: The influence of attention
- TEST YOURSELF 3.1
- Conceptions of object perception
- Helmholtz’s theory of unconscious inference
- The Gestalt principles of organization
- Taking regularities of the environment into account
- Bayesian inference
- Comparing the four approaches
- Research box 3.1: The role of motivation
- TEST YOURSELF 3.2
- Neurons and knowledge about the environment
- Neurons that respond to horizontals and verticals
- Experience-dependent plasticity
- The interaction between perceiving and taking action
- Movement facilitates perception
- The interaction of perception and action
- The physiology of perception and action
- Method: Brain lesioning
- Picking up a coffee cup and other behaviours
- Something to consider
- The role of culture in perception
- TEST YOURSELF 3.3
- Chapter summary
- Think about it
- Key terms
- CogLab experiments
- The nature of perception
- CHAPTER 4: Attention
- Pioneering studies: Attention as selection
- Broadbent’s filter model of attention
- Modifying Broadbent’s model: The attenuation model
- A late selection model
- Processing capacity and perceptual load
- Method: Flanker and load tasks
- Distraction and cognitive control
- TEST YOURSELF 4.1
- Spatial attention: Overt and covert attention
- Overt attention: Scanning a scene with eye movements
- Covert attention: Directing attention without eye movements
- Method: Posner spatial cueing task
- Goal-driven, stimulus-driven, and history-driven selection
- Divided attention: Can we attend to more than one thing at a time?
- Divided attention can be achieved with practise: Automatic processing
- Divided attention becomes more difficult when tasks are harder
- Distractions while driving
- TEST YOURSELF 4.2
- What happens when we don’t attend?
- Inattentional blindness
- Research box 4.1: Inattentional blindness in expert observers
- Change detection
- Attention and experiencing a coherent world
- Why is binding necessary?
- Feature integration theory
- Something to consider
- How emotion drives attention
- TEST YOURSELF 4.3
- Chapter summary
- Think about it
- Key terms
- CogLab experiments
- Pioneering studies: Attention as selection
- CHAPTER 5: Short-Term and Working Memory
- The modal model of memory
- Sensory memory
- The sparkler’s trail and the projector’s shutter
- Sperling’s experiment: Measuring the capacity and duration of the sensory memory store
- Short-term memory
- What is the duration of short-term memory?
- How many items can be held in short-term memory?
- Method: Change detection
- How much information can be held in short-term memory?
- TEST YOURSELF 5.1
- Working memory
- The phonological loop
- The visuospatial sketch pad
- The central executive
- Method: Event-related potentials
- Research box 5.1: Individual differences in controlling access to working memory
- The episodic buffer
- Cowan’s embedded processes model
- Working memory and the brain
- The effect of damage to the prefrontal cortex
- Prefrontal neurons that fire when holding information
- fMRI research: Executive attention and object representations
- Method: fMRI decoding procedure
- Something to consider
- Stress and working memory
- TEST YOURSELF 5.2
- Chapter summary
- Think about it
- Key terms
- CogLab experiments
- CHAPTER 6: Long-Term Memory: Structure
- Comparing short-term and long-term memory processes
- Method: Measuring a serial position curve
- Serial position curve
- Coding in short-term and long-term memory
- Locating memory in the brain
- TEST YOURSELF 6.1
- Episodic and semantic memory
- Distinctions between episodic and semantic memory
- Interactions between episodic and semantic memory
- What happens to episodic and semantic memories as time passes
- Method: Remember/know procedure
- Research box 6.1: Does the internet weaken our memory?
- TEST YOURSELF 6.2
- Procedural memory, priming and conditioning
- Procedural memory
- Priming
- Method: Avoiding explicit remembering in a priming experiment
- Classical conditioning
- Something to consider
- Imagining the future
- TEST YOURSELF 6.3
- Chapter summary
- Think about it
- Key terms
- CogLab experiments
- CHAPTER 7: Long-Term Memory: Encoding, Retrieval and Consolidation
- Encoding: Getting information into long-term memory
- Levels of processing theory
- Forming visual images
- Linking words to yourself
- Generating information
- Organizing information
- Retrieval practice
- Research box 7.1: Drawing as an effective encoding technique
- TEST YOURSELF 7.1
- Retrieval: Getting information out of memory
- Retrieval cues
- Method: Cued recall
- Matching conditions of encoding and retrieval
- TEST YOURSELF 7.2
- Consolidation: The life history of memories
- Synaptic consolidation: Experience causes changes at the synapse
- Systems consolidation: The hippocampus and the cortex
- Consolidation and sleep: Enhancing memory
- Research box 7.2: Sleep selectively supports memories that are relevant for future use
- Updating memories: Retrieval and reconsolidation
- Something to consider
- Effective studying
- TEST YOURSELF 7.3
- Chapter summary
- Think about it
- Key terms
- CogLab experiments
- Encoding: Getting information into long-term memory
- CHAPTER 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors
- Autobiographical memory: What has happened in my life
- The multidimensional nature of autobiographical memory
- Memory over the life span
- Memory for “exceptional” events
- Memory and emotion
- Flashbulb memories
- Method: Repeated recall
- TEST YOURSELF 8.1
- The constructive nature of memory
- Bartlett’s “War of the Ghosts” experiment
- Source monitoring and source monitoring errors
- How real-world knowledge affects memory
- Research box 8.1: Who said what, and can I trust it?
- TEST YOURSELF 8.2
- Memory can be modified or created by suggestion
- The misinformation effect
- Method: Presenting misleading post-event information
- Creating false memories for early events in people’s lives
- Why do people make errors in eyewitness testimony?
- Errors of eyewitness identification
- Errors associated with perception and attention
- Missed information due to inattentional blindness
- Misidentifications due to familiarity
- Errors due to suggestion
- What is being done?
- Something to consider
- Why do we have such a flawed memory system?
- Retrieval induced forgetting
- TEST YOURSELF 8.3
- Chapter summary
- Think about it
- Key terms
- CogLab experiments
- Autobiographical memory: What has happened in my life
- CHAPTER 9: Knowledge
- How are objects placed into categories?
- Why definitions don’t work for categories
- The prototype approach: Finding the average case
- Method: Sentence verification technique
- The exemplar approach: Thinking about examples?
- Which approach works better: Prototypes or exemplars
- An alternative view on typicality based on ideals
- Is there a psychologically “privileged” level of categories?
- What’s special about basic level categories?
- How knowledge can affect categorization
- Research box 9.1: We are all face recognition experts!
- TEST YOURSELF 9.1
- Representing relationships between categories: Semantic networks?
- Introduction to semantic networks: Collins and Quillian’s hierarchical model?
- Method: Lexical decision task
- Criticism of the Collins and Quillian model
- Representing concepts in networks: The connectionist approach
- What is a connectionist model?
- How are concepts represented in a connectionist network?
- The representation of concepts in the brain
- The sensory-functional hypothesis
- The semantic category approach
- The multiple-factor approach
- The embodied approach
- Sorting out the approaches
- Something to consider
- The hub and spoke model
- TEST YOURSELF 9.2
- Chapter summary
- Think about it
- Key terms
- CogLab experiments
- How are objects placed into categories?
- CHAPTER 10: Visual Imagery
- Imagery in the history of psychology
- Early ideas about imagery
- Imagery and the cognitive revolution
- Imagery and perception: Do they share the same mechanisms?
- Kosslyn’s early mental scanning experiments
- Method/Demonstration: Mental scanning
- The imagery debate: Is imagery spatial or propositional?
- Behavioural experiments: Comparing imagery and perception?
- How can the imagery debate be resolved?
- TEST YOURSELF 10.1
- Imagery and the brain
- Imagery neurons in the brain
- fMRI research
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation
- Neuropsychological case studies
- Conclusions from the imagery debate
- The role of gaze in mental imagery
- Method: Eye tracking
- Eye movements during recollection
- Research box 10.1: The functional role of eye movements in memory retrieval
- Eye movement hotspots
- Something to consider
- Visual imagery and emotion
- TEST YOURSELF 10.2
- Chapter summary
- Think about it
- Key terms
- CogLab experiments
- Imagery in the history of psychology
- CHAPTER 11: Language
- What is language?
- The creativity of human language
- The universal need to communicate with language
- Studying language
- Perceiving phonemes, words and letters
- Components of words
- How perceiving sounds and letters is affected by meaning
- Method: Demonstrating the word superiority effect
- Understanding words
- The word frequency effect
- Method: Eye movements in reading
- Lexical ambiguity
- TEST YOURSELF 11.1
- Understanding sentences
- Semantics and syntax
- Method: Event-related potentials and language
- Understanding sentences: Parsing
- The syntax-first approach to parsing
- The interactionist approach to parsing
- TEST YOURSELF 11.2
- Understanding text and stories
- Making inferences
- Situation models
- Research box 11.1: Discourse context and world knowledge interact in online sentence comprehension
- Taking the other person into account
- Syntactic coordination
- Producing language: Conversations
- Method: Syntactic priming
- Something to consider
- Culture, language and cognition
- TEST YOURSELF 11.3
- Chapter summary
- Think about it
- Key terms
- CogLab experiments
- What is language?
- CHAPTER 12: Problem Solving
- What is a problem?
- The Gestalt approach: Problem solving as representation and restructuring
- Representing a problem in the mind
- Restructuring and insight
- Research box 12.1: “Aha,” so this is how it works!
- Obstacles to problem solving
- The information-processing approach: Problem solving as a search process
- Newell and Simon’s approach
- The importance of how a problem is stated
- Method: Think-aloud protocol
- TEST YOURSELF 12.1
- Using analogies to solve problems
- Analogical transfer
- Analogical problem solving and the Duncker radiation problem
- Analogical encoding
- Analogy in the real world
- Method: In vivo problem-solving research
- How experts solve problems
- Differences between how experts and novices solve problems
- Expertise is only an advantage in the expert’s speciality
- Creative problem solving
- What is creativity?
- Practical creativity
- Generating ideas
- Effects of mood and physical exercise
- Something to consider
- Creativity, mental illness and the open mind
- TEST YOURSELF 12.2
- Chapter summary
- Think about it
- Key terms
- CHAPTER 13: Judgment, Reasoning and Decisions
- Making judgments
- The nature of inductive reasoning
- The availability heuristic
- The representativeness heuristic
- Preconceptions, attitudes and judgment
- TEST YOURSELF 13.1
- Deductive reasoning: Syllogisms and logic
- Validity and truth in syllogisms
- Mental models of deductive reasoning
- Conditional syllogisms
- Conditional reasoning: The Wason four-card problem
- What real-world versions of the Wason task tell us
- An evolutionary approach to the four-card problem
- What has the Wason four-card problem taught us?
- TEST YOURSELF 13.2
- Decision making: Choosing among alternatives
- The utility approach to decisions
- How emotions affect decisions
- Research box 13.1: The financial costs of sadness
- Decisions can depend on the context within which they are made
- Decisions can depend on how choices are presented
- Neuroeconomics: The neural basis of decision making
- Something to consider
- The dual systems approach to thinking
- Postscript: Donders returns
- TEST YOURSELF 13.3
- Chapter summary
- Think about it
- Key terms
- CogLab experiments
- Making judgments
- Glossary
- References
- Photo Credits
- Name Index
- Subject Index
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