Clinical Biochemistry
Námskeið
- LÆK105F Meinefnafræði.
Ensk lýsing:
Now over 70,000 copies sold! This comprehensively revised edition of Clinical Biochemistry offers essential reading for today’s students of medicine and other health science disciplines – indeed, anyone who requires a concise, practical introduction to the subject. Topics are clearly presented in a series of double-page ‘learning units’, each covering a particular aspect of clinical biochemistry.
Four sections provide a core grounding in the subject: Introducing clinical biochemistry gives an insight into how modern hospital laboratories work, and includes an entirely new series of learning units on the interpretation of test results Core biochemistry covers the bulk of routine analyses, and their relevance to the clinical setting Endocrinology provides an overview of endocrine investigations as well as a practical approach to thyroid, adrenal, pituitary and gonadal function testing Specialised investigations embraces an assortment of other topics that students may encounter This edition represents the most radical revision of the book to date.
Every learning unit has been examined and updated to reflect current developments and clinical best practice. Entirely new material includes a series of learning units on interpretation and analytical aspects of clinical biochemistry. Coverage of fluid biochemistry is now more comprehensive. New "Want to know more?" links throughout the book point readers to relevant further information. (Printed version) now includes the complete eBook version for the first time – downloadable for anytime access and enhanced with new, interactive multiple choice questions for each section, to test your understanding and aid exam preparation.
Lýsing:
Clinical Biochemistry is a best-selling textbook, with global sales of well over 80,000. It is used across the world, and has been translated into ten languages. Over six successive editions, it has provided students with just the right amount of information they need to understand and apply clinical biochemistry in a clinical context. It is aimed fairly and squarely at those who are new to the subject, and is suitable for undergraduates across a range of courses including medicine, nursing, biomedical science, pharmacy and life sciences.
Junior doctors will also find it useful. The seventh edition retains the same practical and patient-centred approach that has made previous editions so popular. Despite its accessibility, there is no 'dumbing-down': all essential information is covered. The illustrations, which are a major part of its visual appeal, have been revisited and updated. This book is an ideal source for understanding the background to biochemical tests and how they should be interpreted.
It will help you apply your learning in the clinical context. The same basic structure that has proved successful previously has been retained; sections on core biochemistry, endocrinology and specialised investigations follow an introductory section. Clinical notes and case histories on help you to apply learning to clinical practice Covers the bulk of routine analyses and their relevance to the clinical setting Addresses real-world practicalities, such as how modern hospital laboratories work, and how test results should be interpreted Each topic presented on a richly illustrated two-page spread for easier understanding MCQs for each chapter A new chapter on the pancreas, as well as two chapters that explain how some analyses are done - methods involving antibodies, and methods that separate and identify analytes.
Annað
- Höfundar: Michael Murphy, Rajeev Srivastava, Kevin Deans
- Útgáfa:7
- Útgáfudagur: 2023-06-13
- Engar takmarkanir á útprentun
- Engar takmarkanir afritun
- Format:ePub
- ISBN 13: 9780323881661
- Print ISBN: 9780323880572
- ISBN 10: 0323881661
Efnisyfirlit
- Cover image
- Title page
- Instructions for Online Access
- Table of Contents
- Any screen, Any time, Anywhere
- Copyright
- Preface to the sixth edition
- Preface to the seventh edition
- Acknowledgements
- Part 1: Introducing clinical biochemistry
- 1. The clinical biochemistry laboratory
- The use of biochemical tests
- Core biochemistry
- Specialised tests
- Urgent samples
- Automation and computerisation
- Test repertoire
- Laboratory personnel
- 2. The use of the laboratory
- Specimen collection
- Sampling errors
- Analysing the specimen
- Timing
- Unnecessary testing
- 3. Interpretation of results: general
- How biochemical results are expressed
- 4. Interpretation of results: diagnosis
- Diagnostic test outcomes
- The impact of prevalence on test utility
- Final thoughts
- 5. Interpretation of results: monitoring
- Sources of variation
- 6. Analytical aspects
- Precision and accuracy
- Analytical sensitivity and specificity
- Quality assurance
- 1. The clinical biochemistry laboratory
- 7. Fluid and electrolytes: basic concepts
- Body fluid compartments
- Changes in volume of body fluid compartments
- Osmolality
- Oncotic pressure
- 8. Water and sodium balance: physiological mechanisms
- Water
- AVP and the regulation of osmolality
- Sodium
- Regulation of volume
- 9. Hyponatraemia: pathophysiology
- Mechanisms of hyponatraemia
- Pseudohyponatraemia
- 10. Hyponatraemia: assessment and management
- Clinical assessment
- Severity
- Mechanism
- Treatment
- 11. Hypernatraemia
- Water loss
- Sodium gain
- Clinical features
- Treatment
- High osmolality: other causes
- 12. Hyperkalaemia
- Serum potassium and potassium balance
- Hyperkalaemia
- Treatment
- Pseudohyperkalaemia
- 13. Hypokalaemia
- Diagnosis
- Redistribution into cells
- Treatment
- 14. Intravenous fluid therapy
- Does this patient need IV fluids?
- Which IV fluids should be given?
- How much fluid should be given?
- How quickly should the fluids be given?
- How should the fluid therapy be monitored?
- 15. Investigation of renal function (1)
- Functions of the kidney
- Glomerular function
- 16. Investigation of renal function (2)
- Renal tubular function
- Investigation of tubular function
- Specific tubular defects
- 17. Urinalysis
- Procedure
- Bilirubin
- Urobilinogen
- 18. Proteinuria
- Mechanisms of proteinuria
- Ways of measuring proteinuria
- 19. Acute kidney injury
- Aetiology
- Definition of AKI
- Identifying the cause of AKI
- Recovery
- 20. Chronic kidney disease
- Consequences of CKD
- Clinical features
- Detection
- Classification
- Management
- 21. Acid–base: concepts and vocabulary
- Hydrogen ion concentration [H+]
- H+ production
- Buffering
- Renal handling of H+ and HCO3−
- Assessing status
- Acid–base disorders
- 22. Metabolic acid–base disorders
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis
- 23. Respiratory and mixed acid–base disorders
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Mixed acid–base disorders
- 24. Acid–base disorders: diagnosis and management
- Specimens for blood gas analysis
- Clinical cases
- Management of acid–base disorders
- 25. Proteins and enzymes
- Enzymes
- Plasma proteins
- 26. Immunoglobulins
- Structure
- Electrophoresis of serum proteins
- Increased immunoglobulins
- Deficiencies or absence of immunoglobulins
- 27. Myocardial infarction
- Pathology
- Cardiac biomarkers
- Diagnosis
- Definitions
- 28. Liver function tests
- Introduction
- Liver function tests
- 29. Jaundice
- Biochemical tests
- Differential diagnosis
- 30. Liver disease
- Acute liver disease
- Chronic liver disease
- Other liver problems
- 31. Glucose metabolism and diabetes mellitus
- Insulin
- Diabetes mellitus
- 32. Diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus
- Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
- Monitoring of diabetes
- 33. Diabetic ketoacidosis
- How diabetic ketoacidosis develops
- Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS)
- 34. Hypoglycaemia
- Clinical effects
- Assessment
- Specific causes of hypoglycaemia
- Diabetes
- Neonatal hypoglycaemia
- 35. Calcium regulation and hypocalcaemia
- Calcium homeostasis
- Plasma calcium
- Hypocalcaemia
- Treatment
- 36. Hypercalcaemia
- Clinical features
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Familial benign hypercalcaemia
- 37. Phosphate and magnesium
- Phosphate
- Inorganic phosphate
- Hyperphosphataemia
- Hypophosphataemia
- Magnesium
- Magnesium homeostasis
- Serum magnesium
- Magnesium deficiency
- 38. Metabolic bone disease
- Bone metabolism
- Common bone disorders
- Other bone diseases
- Biochemistry testing in calcium disorders or bone disease
- 39. Osteoporosis and fragility fractures
- Risk factors
- Diagnosis
- Principles of treatment
- 40. Endocrine control
- Biochemical regulators
- Hormone structure
- Assessment of endocrine control
- Types of endocrine control
- Dynamic function tests
- 41. Dynamic function tests
- Insulin stress test
- Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone test
- Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone test
- Oral glucose tolerance test with GH measurement
- Synacthen tests
- Dexamethasone suppression tests
- Dynamic function tests – protocol variation
- 42. Pituitary function
- The pituitary gland
- Pituitary tumours
- Hypopituitarism
- 43. Growth disorders and acromegaly
- Normal growth
- Growth hormone insufficiency
- Excessive growth
- Acromegaly
- 44. Thyroid pathophysiology
- Goitre
- Thyroid hormone action
- Thyroid function tests
- 45. Hypothyroidism
- Clinical features
- Causes
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Screening for neonatal hypothyroidism
- Nonthyroidal illness
- 46. Hyperthyroidism
- Clinical features
- Causes
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- 47. Adrenocortical pathophysiology
- Cortisol
- Adrenal androgens
- Assessing the function of the HPA axis
- Aldosterone
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- Relationship of adrenal cortex and medulla
- 48. Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Relative adrenal insufficiency
- 49. Hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex
- Cortisol excess
- Androgen excess
- Aldosterone excess
- 50. Gonadal function
- Sex steroid hormones
- Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
- Male gonadal function
- Female gonadal function
- 51. Subfertility
- Endocrine investigations in the subfertile woman
- Endocrine investigations in the subfertile man
- 52. Nutritional assessment
- History
- Examination
- Biochemistry
- Preoperative nutritional assessment
- 53. Nutritional support
- What do patients need?
- How should patients receive nutrition?
- Monitoring patients
- 54. Parenteral nutrition
- Indications for parenteral nutrition
- Route of administration
- Components of TPN
- Complications
- Monitoring patients on TPN
- 55. The metabolic response to injury
- The phases of the metabolic response to injury
- The acute phase protein response
- Clinical uses
- Starvation and the metabolic response to injury
- 56. Gastrointestinal disorders
- Physiology of digestion and absorption
- Malabsorption
- Gastrointestinal disorders
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Malignant disease
- 57. Disorders of the pancreas
- Structure
- Exocrine function
- Endocrine function
- Acute pancreatitis
- Chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic insufficiency
- 58. Iron
- Iron physiology
- Laboratory investigation of iron disorders
- Iron deficiency
- Iron overload
- 59. Zinc and copper
- Zinc
- Copper
- 60. Therapeutic drug monitoring
- Sampling for TDM
- Interpretation of drug levels
- Drug interactions
- Pharmacokinetics
- 61. Toxicology
- Confirming poisoning
- Measurement of drug levels
- Treatment
- Common causes of poisoning
- Chronic poisoning
- 62. Metal poisoning
- Metals associated with poisoning
- Treatment
- Lead
- Mercury
- Aluminium
- Arsenic
- Cadmium
- Cobalt and chromium
- 63. Alcohol
- Metabolism of ethanol
- Acute alcohol poisoning
- Chronic alcohol abuse
- 64. Ascites
- Abdominal paracentesis
- Differential diagnosis of ascites
- Peritonitis
- Malignant ascites
- 65. Pleural fluid
- Thoracentesis
- Transudate or exudate?
- Is it empyema?
- Is it malignant?
- Is it chyle?
- Is it tuberculosis?
- 66. Cerebrospinal fluid
- Lumbar puncture
- Subarachnoid haemorrhage
- Xanthochromia
- Meningitis
- Inherited metabolic disorders
- Other conditions
- Dementia
- 67. Identification of body fluids
- Cerebrospinal fluid
- Lymph and chyle
- Urine
- Other
- 68. Lipoprotein metabolism
- Nomenclature
- Metabolism
- Apolipoproteins
- The LDL receptor
- 69. Clinical disorders of lipid metabolism
- Classification
- Atherogenic profiles
- 70. Hypertension
- Causes of hypertension
- Treatment of hypertension
- 71. Cancer and its consequences
- Local effects of tumours
- Cancer cachexia
- Paraneoplastic syndromes and ectopic hormone production
- Consequences of cancer treatment
- 72. Tumour markers
- The use of tumour markers
- A practical application of tumour markers
- Tumour markers with established clinical value
- The future
- 73. Multiple endocrine neoplasia
- MEN 1
- MEN 2
- Screening and treatment
- The amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation concept
- 74. Hyperuricaemia
- Urate formation and excretion
- Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
- Gout
- Renal disease and hyperuricaemia
- Urate in pregnancy
- 75. Myopathy
- Investigation
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- 76. Fetal monitoring and prenatal diagnosis
- Human chorionic gonadotrophin
- Fetoplacental function
- Prenatal diagnosis
- 77. Pregnancy
- Maternal physiology
- Pregnancy-associated pathology
- Drugs in pregnancy
- 78. Antenatal screening
- Overview of screening programmes
- Screening for Down, Edwards and Patau syndromes
- Other factors affecting interpretation of biochemical markers
- 79. Screening the newborn for disease
- Neonatal screening programmes
- Follow-up of screening tests
- 80. Paediatric biochemistry
- Immaturity
- Prematurity
- Practical considerations
- 81. Inborn errors of metabolism
- Patterns of inheritance
- Mechanisms of disease
- Clinical diagnosis
- Laboratory diagnosis
- 82. Methods involving antibodies: immunoassay
- Immunoassays
- Immunoassay interference
- Immunofixation
- 83. Methods to separate and identify molecules
- Electrophoresis
- Chromatography
- Mass spectrometry
- 84. Selected inherited disorders
- Case history 1
- Case history 2
- Case history 3
- Case history 4
- Case history 5
- Case history 6
- Case history 7
- Case history 8
- Case history 9
- Case history 10
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- Case history 13
- Case history 14
- Case history 15
- Case history 16
- Case history 17
- Case history 18
- Case history 19
- Case history 20
- Case history 21
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- Case history 25
- Case history 26
- Case history 27
- Case history 28
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- Case history 30
- Case history 31
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- Case history 34
- Case history 35
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- Case history 37
- Case history 38
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- Case history 40
- Case history 41
- Case history 42
- Case history 43
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- Case history 45
- Case history 46
- Case history 47
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- Case history 49
- Case history 50
- Case history 51
- Case history 52
- Case history 53
- Case history 54
- Case history 55
- Case history 56
- Case history 57
- Case history 58
- Case history 59
- Case history 60
- Case history 61
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