Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface: Why you Need to Know About Climate Change
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Climate Science Basics
  • What is the greenhouse effect and how does it warm the Earth?
  • Why are scientists so certain the climate system is warming?
  • How does global warming increase sea levels and what has been observed to date?
  • Where does most of human-caused warming go?
  • What fraction of recent global warming is due to human causes versus natural causes?
  • How certain are climate scientists that humans are the primary cause of recent warning?
  • How do scientists know that recent climate change is primarily caused by human activities?
  • Why has the climate changed in the past, before there were human-caused greenhouse gas emissions?
  • What are the climate system’s amplifying feedbacks that turn a moderate initial warming into a big ultimate warming?
  • Is the current level of atmospheric CO2 concentration unprecedented in human history?
  • Are recent climatic changes unprecedented?
  • Has recent human-caused climate change been occurring faster or not as fast as scientists predicted?
  • Is there a difference between global warming and climate change?
  • What are the sources of the most important human-caused pollutants that drive global warming?
  • How does deforestation contribute to warming?
  • What is global warming potential and why is it different for various greenhouse gases?
  • Why does the rate of warming appear to vary from decade to decade?
  • Has global warming slowed down or paused in recent years?
  • Can we reach a point where emitting more CO2 into the air will not cause more climate change?
  • Have we already crossed tipping points (points of no return) in the climate system?
• 2 Extreme Weather and Climate Change
  • What is the difference between weather and climate?
  • Which extreme weather events are being made worse by climate change and which are not?
  • What is the role of natural climatic variation, such as the El Niño–La Niña cycle, in extreme weather?
  • Did climate change cause Hurricanes Sandy and Harvey (and why is that the wrong question to ask)?
  • How does climate change affect heat waves?
  • How does climate change affect droughts?
  • How does climate change affect wildfires?
  • How does climate change affect the chances of deluges or severe precipitation?
  • Does climate change mean more snow or less, worse snowstorms or weaker ones?
  • How does climate change affect storm surge?
  • Is climate change making hurricanes more destructive?
  • What is Arctic amplification and how does it affect extreme weather?
  • Is climate change and/or Arctic amplification affecting extreme weather in the Northern Hemisphere?
  • Is climate change affecting tornado formation?
  • In a warming world, why do some winters still seem unusually severe?
• 3 Projected Climate Impacts
  • What kind of impacts can we expect this century from business-as-usual climate change?
  • What are the biggest sources of uncertainty in projecting future global warming?
  • What do previous hot periods in Earth’s climate tell us about what the future may hold in store?
  • How could the thawing permafrost speed up global warming beyond what climate models have projected?
  • How could an increase in wildfires speed up global warming beyond what climate models have projected?
  • What are some other key positive or amplifying feedbacks affecting the climate system?
  • What will the impacts of sea-level rise be?
  • How will climate change lead to more destructive superstorms this century?
  • What kind of droughts can we expect this century?
  • What are the expected health impacts of climate change?
  • How does global warming affect human productivity?
  • Does carbon dioxide at exposure levels expected this century have any direct impacts on human health or cognition?
  • What is ocean acidification and why does it matter to sea life?
  • What is biodiversity and how will climate change impact it?
  • How will climate change affect the agricultural sector and our ability to feed the world’s growing population?
  • How is climate change a threat to national, regional, and global security?
  • What is the plausible best-case scenario for climate change this century?
  • What is the plausible worst-case scenario for climate change this century?
  • What do scientists mean by “irreversible impacts” and why are they such a concern with climate change?
• 4 Avoiding the Worst Impacts
  • What is the biggest source of confusion about what humanity needs to do to avoid the worst climate impacts?
  • What is the December 2015 Paris climate accord and why is it so important?
  • Why did scientists and governments decide 2°C (3.6°F) was the limit beyond which climate change becomes “dangerous” to humanity?
  • What is the November 2021 Glasgow climate pact and why is it so controversial?
  • What kind of greenhouse gas emissions reductions are needed to keep warming well below 2°C?
  • What would be the economic cost of meeting the 2°C target?
  • What happens if we miss the 2°C target?
  • Can we adapt to human-caused climate change?
  • What is geoengineering and can it play a major role in reducing the impact of climate change?
• 5 Climate Politics and Policies
  • What climate policies are governments around the world using to fight climate change?
  • What is a carbon tax?
  • What are cap-and-trade and carbon trading?
  • What are China and India doing to restrict carbon dioxide emissions?
  • What is the United States doing to restrict carbon dioxide emissions?
  • How do different political parties view climate science and policies in the United States and around the world?
  • Is there a large-scale effort to spread misinformation on climate science and, if so, who funds it?
  • What are climate science deniers?
• 6 The Role of Clean Energy
  • What kind of changes in our energy system would a 2°C target require?
  • What is energy efficiency and what role will it play?
  • Will nuclear power be a major factor in the effort to minimize climate change?
  • What role does natural gas have in the transition to a 2°C world?
  • How much can solar power contribute to averting dangerous climate change?
  • How big a role will wind power play in averting dangerous climate change?
  • What is carbon capture and storage (a.k.a. carbon sequestration) and what role can it play?
  • What is bioenergy and what is its role in cutting carbon pollution?
  • What other carbon-free forms of energy can contribute to cutting greenhouse gas emissions?
  • How can we reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the transportation sector?
  • What challenges have limited the marketplace success of alternative fuels and alternative fuel vehicles to date?
  • What role can electric vehicles play?
  • What are hydrogen fuel cells and hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles?
  • What are the challenges facing hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles as a climate solution?
  • What role can energy storage play in the transition off of fossil fuels?
  • What can the agricultural and livestock sector do to minimize climate change?
  • What role can energy conservation play?
• 7 Climate Change and You
  • How will climate change impact you and your family in the coming decades?
  • How might climate change affect the future price of coastal property?
  • How might climate change affect decisions about where to live and retire in the coming decades?
  • What should students study today if they want to prepare themselves for working in a globally warmed world?
  • Should climate change affect how you invest for the future?
  • How can you reduce your carbon footprint?
  • What role can dietary changes play in reducing your carbon footprint?
  • What is the best way to talk to someone who does not accept the growing body of evidence on climate science?
  • Do we still have time to preserve a livable climate?
• Primary Sources
• Notes
• Index

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