Efnisyfirlit

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• How to use
• Copyright
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• SECTION ONE. Fundamental Physicochemical Concepts
  • 1.  Introduction: Homeostasis and cellular physiology
    • Homeostasis enables the body to survive in diverse environments
    • The body is an ensemble of functionally and spatially distinct compartments
    • Transport processes are essential to physiological function
    • Cellular physiology focuses on membrane-mediated processes and on muscle function
    • Summary
    • Key words and concepts
    • Bibliography
  • 2.  Diffusion and permeability
    • Diffusion is the migration of molecules down a concentration gradient
    • Fick’s first law of diffusion summarizes our intuitive understanding of diffusion
    • Essential aspects of diffusion are revealed by examining random, microscopic movements of molecules
    • Fick’s first law can be used to describe diffusion across a membrane barrier
    • Summary
    • Key words and concepts
    • Study problems
    • Bibliography
  • 3.  Osmotic pressure and water movement
    • Osmosis is the transport of solvent driven by a difference in solute concentration across a membrane that is impermeable to solute
    • Water transport during osmosis leads to volume changes
    • Osmotic pressure drives the net transport of water during osmosis
    • Only impermeant solutes can have persistent osmotic effects
    • Summary
    • Key words and concepts
    • Study problems
    • Bibliography
  • 4.  Electrical consequences of ionic gradients
    • Ions are typically present at different concentrations on opposite sides of a biomembrane
    • Selective ionic permeability through membranes has electrical consequences: The nernst equation
    • The stable resting membrane potential in a living cell is established by balancing multiple ionic fluxes
    • The cell can change its membrane potential by selectively changing membrane permeability to certain ions
    • The donnan effect is an osmotic threat to living cells
    • Summary
    • Key words and concepts
    • Study problems
    • Bibliography
• SECTION TWO. Ion Channels and Excitable Membranes
  • 5.  Ion channels
    • Ion channels are critical determinants of the electrical behavior of membranes
    • Distinct types of ion channels have several common properties
    • Ion channels share structural similarities and can be grouped into gene families
    • Summary
    • Key words and concepts
    • Study problems
    • Bibliography
  • 6.  Passive electrical properties of membranes
    • The time course and spread of membrane potential changes are predicted by the passive electrical properties of the membrane
    • The membrane can be represented by an electrical equivalent circuit with a resistor and a capacitor in parallel
    • Passive membrane properties produce linear current-voltage relationships
    • Membrane capacitance affects the time course of voltage changes
    • Membrane and axoplasmic resistances affect the passive spread of subthreshold electrical signals
    • Summary
    • Key words and concepts
    • Study problems
    • Bibliography
  • 7.  Generation and propagation of the action potential
    • The action potential is a rapid and transient depolarization of the membrane in electrically excitable cells
    • Ion channel function is studied with a voltage clamp
    • Individual ion channels have two conductance levels
    • Na+ channels inactivate during maintained depolarization
    • Action potentials are generated by voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels
    • Action potential propagation occurs as a result of local circuit currents
    • Summary
    • Key words and concepts
    • Study problems
    • Bibliography
  • 8.  Ion channel diversity
    • Various types of ion channels help regulate cellular processes
    • Voltage-gated Ca2+channels contribute to electrical activity and mediate Ca2+ entry into cells
    • Many members of the transient receptor potential superfamily of channels mediate Ca2+ entry
    • K+-selective channels are the most diverse type of channel
    • Ion channel activity can be regulated by second-messenger pathways
    • Summary
    • Key words and concepts
    • Study problems
    • Bibliography
• SECTION THREE. Solute Transport
  • 9.  Electrochemical potential energy and transport processes
    • Electrochemical potential energy drives all transport processes
    • Summary
    • Key words and concepts
    • Study problems
    • Bibliography
  • 10.  Passive solute transport
    • Diffusion across biological membranes is limited by lipid solubility
    • Channel, carrier, and pump proteins mediate transport across biological membranes
    • Carriers are integral membrane proteins that open to only one side of the membrane at a time
    • Coupling transport of one solute to “downhill” transport of another solute enables carriers to move the cotransported or countertransported solute “uphill” against an electrochemical gradient
    • Na+ is cotransported with a variety of solutes such as glucose and amino acids
    • Net transport of some solutes across epithelia is effected by coupling two transport processes in series
    • Na+ is exchanged for solutes such as Ca2+ and H+ by countertransport mechanisms
    • Multiple transport systems can be functionally coupled
    • Summary
    • Key words and concepts
    • Study problems
    • Bibliography
  • 11.  Active transport
    • Primary active transport converts the chemical energy from ATP into electrochemical potential energy stored in solute gradients
    • The plasma membrane Na+ pump (Na+,K+-ATPase) maintains the low Na+ and high K+ concentrations in the cytosol
    • Intracellular Ca2+ signaling is universal and is closely tied to Ca2+ homeostasis
    • Several other plasma membrane transport ATPases are physiologically important
    • Net transport across epithelial cells depends on the coupling of apical and basolateral membrane transport systems
    • Summary
    • Key words and concepts
    • Study problems
    • Bibliography
• SECTION FOUR. Physiology of Synaptic Transmission
  • 12.  Synaptic physiology I
    • The synapse is a junction between cells that is specialized for cell-cell signaling
    • Neurons communicate with other neurons and with muscle by releasing neurotransmitters
    • The synaptic vesicle cycle is a precisely choreographed process for delivering neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
    • Short-term synaptic plasticity is a transient, use-dependent change in the efficacy of synaptic transmission
    • Summary
    • Key words and concepts
    • Study problems
    • Bibliography
  • 13.  Synaptic physiology II
    • Chemical synapses afford specificity, variety, and fine tuning of neurotransmission
    • Receptors mediate the actions of neurotransmitters in postsynaptic cells
    • Acetylcholine receptors can be ionotropic or metabotropic
    • Amino acid neurotransmitters mediate many excitatory and inhibitory responses in the brain
    • Neurotransmitters that bind to ionotropic receptors cause membrane conductance changes
    • Biogenic amines, purines, and neuropeptides are important classes of transmitters with a wide spectrum of actions
    • Unconventional neurotransmitters modulate many complex physiological responses
    • Long-term synaptic potentiation and depression are persistent changes in the efficacy of synaptic transmission induced by neural activity
    • Summary
    • Key words and concepts
    • Study problems
    • Bibliography
• SECTION FIVE. Physiology of Muscle Contraction
  • 14.  Molecular motors and the mechanism of muscle contraction
    • Molecular motors produce movement by converting chemical energy into kinetic energy
    • Single skeletal muscle fibers are composed of many myofibrils
    • The sarcomere is the basic unit of contraction in skeletal muscle
    • Muscle contraction results from thick and thin filaments sliding past each other (the “sliding filament” mechanism)
    • The cross-bridge cycle powers muscle contraction
    • In skeletal and cardiac muscles, Ca2+ activates contraction by binding to the regulatory protein troponin C
    • The structure and function of cardiac muscle and smooth muscle are distinctly different from those of skeletal muscle
    • Summary
    • Key words and concepts
    • Study problems
    • Bibliography
  • 15.  Excitation-contraction coupling in muscle
    • Skeletal muscle contraction is initiated by a depolarization of the surface membrane
    • Direct mechanical interaction between sarcolemmal and sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins mediates excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle
    • Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release is central to excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle
    • Smooth muscle excitation-contraction coupling is fundamentally different from that in skeletal and cardiac muscles
    • Summary
    • Key words and concepts
    • Study problems
    • Bibliography
  • 16.  Mechanics of muscle contraction
    • The total force generated by a skeletal muscle can be varied
    • Skeletal muscle mechanics is characterized by two fundamental relationships
    • There are three types of skeletal muscle motor units
    • The force generated by cardiac muscle is regulated by mechanisms that control intracellular Ca2+
    • Mechanical properties of cardiac and skeletal muscle are similar but quantitatively different
    • Dynamics of smooth muscle contraction differ markedly from those of skeletal and cardiac muscle
    • The relationships among intracellular Ca2+, myosin light chain phosphorylation, and force in smooth muscles are complex
    • Summary
    • Key words and concepts
    • Study problems
    • Bibliography
• Epilogue
• Appendix A Abbreviations, symbols, and numerical constants
• Appendix B A mathematical refresher
• Appendix C Root-mean-squared displacement of diffusing molecules
• Appendix D Summary of elementary circuit theory
• Appendix E Answers to study problems
• Appendix F Comprehensive review examination
• Index

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