Efnisyfirlit

• Copyright
• Preface
• Contents
• Chapter 1: An Introduction
• Part I Space and Life
  • Chapter 2: Some Basics
    • Biology and the Hierarchies of Life
      • Taxonomic Hierarchy
      • Ecological Hierarchy
      • Trophic Hierarchy
    • Physical Geography and the Functioning of the Earth
      • Global Climate
      • Microclimate
      • World Soils
      • The Physical Environment of Lakes
      • The Physical Environment of Oceans
  • Chapter 3: The Physical Environment and the Distribution of Life
    • Light
    • Temperature
      • Plants
      • Animals
    • Moisture
      • Plants
      • Animals
    • Other Physical Factors
    • Interacting Physical Controls on Geographic Distributions
    • Environmental Gradients and Species’ Niches
  • Chapter 4: Biological Interactions and the Distribution of Life
    • Predation
    • Competition
    • Symbiosis: Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, and Mimicry
    • Combined Physical and Biological Controls on Distribution
    • Biological Interactions, Gradients, and Niches
  • Chapter 5: Disturbance
    • Fire
    • Wind
    • Flooding
    • Other Physical Disturbances
    • Pathogens
    • Marine Disturbances
  • Chapter 6: Communities, Formations and Biomes
    • Communities
    • Plant Physiognomy, Vegetation Structure, and Formations
    • Ecological Equivalents, Life Zones, and the Biomes
      • Tropical Rainforest
      • Tropical Seasonal Forest
      • Tropical Savanna
      • Desert
      • The Mediterranean Biome
      • Temperate Grassland
      • Temperate Forests
      • Temperate Rainforest
      • Coniferous Boreal (Taiga) and Montane Forests
      • Tundra
• Part II Time and Life
  • Chapter 7: Changing Continents and Climates
    • Life and the Geologic Time Scale
    • Shifting Continents
    • Quaternary Climatic Change
    • Future Changes in Continents and Climate
  • Chapter 8: Dispersal, Colonization, and Invasion
    • Dispersal
    • Colonization, Seasonal Migrations, and Irruptions
    • Diffusion Versus Jump Dispersal
    • Barriers, Corridors, Filters, Stepping Stones, and Sweepstakes
    • Recent Invasions by Exotic Species
  • Chapter 9: Evolution, Speciation, and Extinction
    • Evolution and Speciation
      • Some Basic Genetics
      • Historical Development of Evolutionary Theory
      • Isolation and Speciation
      • The Temporal Pattern of Evolution
      • Direction in Evolution
      • Perfection in Evolution
      • Increasing Species Diversity
    • Geography and Evolution: Founder Effects, Bottlenecks, Vicariance Events, Adaptive Radiation, and Ev
    • Extinction
    • The Relationship Between Evolution and Extinction
  • Chapter 10: Realms, Regions, and Provinces: The Biogeographic Subdivisions of the Earth
    • Defining Biogeographic Realms, Regions, and Provinces
    • Determining the Boundaries Between Regions
    • Factors Behind the Modern Biogeographical Regions
      • Evolution of the Mammals
      • Evolution of the Flowering Plants
    • The Modern Biogeographic Regions
      • Nearctic and Palearctic Regions—The Holarctic
      • Neotropical Region
      • Ethiopian (African) Region
      • Oriental Region
      • Australian Region
  • Chapter 11: Biogeography and Human Evolution
    • The Primate Linkage
    • Early Primates
    • The Hominids: Australopithecus
    • The Hominids: Early Homo
    • The Hominids: Homo Sapiens
    • The Geographic Expansion of Modern Humans
  • Chapter 12: Humans as a Force in Evolution and Extinction
    • Humans as an Evolutionary Force
      • Animal and Plant Domestication
      • Questions of the Origin and Spread of Agriculture
    • Humans as a Force of Extinction
      • Prehistoric Extinctions
      • Historic Extinctions
• Part III Theory and Practice
  • Chapter 13: Description and Interpretation of Biogeographic Distributions
    • Mapping Biogeographic Distributions
    • Biogeography of Range Size and Range Shape
    • Common Biogeographical Distributional Patterns
      • Endemic and Cosmopolitan Distributions Revisited
      • Continuous Zonal Biogeographic Distributions
      • Amphiregional Disjunct Distributions
      • Dispersal Disjunctions
      • Climatic Disjunctions
      • Geologic Disjunctions
      • Evolutionary Disjunctions
      • Biogeographic Relicts
    • Biogeographic Distributions and the Reconstruction of Evolutionary History
      • Centers of Origin and the Dispersalist Model
      • Cladistic Biogeography
      • Panbiogeography and Vicariance Models
    • Beyond Vicariance Biogeography: The Phylogeographic Revolution
  • Chapter 14: The Geography of Biological Diversity
    • What is Biological Diversity?
    • How Many Different Species are there on the Earth?
    • Latitudinal and Altitudinal Diversity Gradients
    • Controls on Geographic Gradients of Species Diversity
      • Historical Theories
      • Equilibrium Theories
    • Island Biogeography
      • Geographic Patterns of Island Biodiversity
      • The Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography
      • The Theory of Island Biogeography Today
  • Chapter 15: Biogeography and the Conservation Challenge
    • The Value of Conservation
    • Endangered and Threatened Species
    • Biogeography and Endangered Species
    • Biogeography and Conservation Planning
      • General Strategies for Species Conservation and Biodiversity Conservation
      • Habitat Restoration and Conservation
      • The Global Warming Challenge
    • Some Reflections
  • Glossary
  • Photo Credits
  • Illustration Credits
  • Index

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