Efnisyfirlit

• Cover page
• Series page
• Title page
• Copyright page
• Preface
• Contents
• 1 Early Atomic Physics
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Spectrum of Atomic Hydrogen
  • 1.3 Bohr’s Theory
  • 1.4 Relativistic Effects
  • 1.5 Moseley and the Atomic Number
  • 1.6 Radiative Decay
  • 1.7 Einstein A and B Coefficients
  • 1.8 The Zeeman Effect
    • 1.8.1 Experimental Observation of the Zeeman Effect
  • 1.9 Summary of Atomic Units
  • Exercises
• 2 The Hydrogen Atom
  • 2.1 The Schrödinger Equation
    • 2.1.1 Solution of the Angular Equation
    • 2.1.2 Solution of the Radial Equation
  • 2.2 Transitions
    • 2.2.1 Selection Rules
    • 2.2.2 Integration with Respect to θ
    • 2.2.3 Parity
  • 2.3 Fine Structure
    • 2.3.1 Spin of the Electron
    • 2.3.2 The Spin–orbit Interaction
    • 2.3.3 The Fine Structure of Hydrogen
    • 2.3.4 The Lamb Shift
    • 2.3.5 Transitions between Fine-Structure Levels
  • Further Reading
  • Exercises
• 3 Helium
  • 3.1 The Ground State of Helium
  • 3.2 Excited States of Helium
    • 3.2.1 Spin Eigenstates
    • 3.2.2 Transitions in Helium
  • 3.3 Evaluation of the Integrals in Helium
    • 3.3.1 Ground State
    • 3.3.2 Excited States: The Direct Integral
    • 3.3.3 Excited States: The Exchange Integral
  • Further Reading
  • Exercises
• 4 The Alkalis
  • 4.1 Shell Structure and the Periodic Table
  • 4.2 The Quantum Defect
  • 4.3 The Central-Field Approximation
  • 4.4 Numerical Solution of the Schrödinger Equation
    • 4.4.1 Self-Consistent Solutions
  • 4.5 The Spin–Orbit Interaction: A Quantum Mechanical Approach
  • 4.6 Fine Structure in the Alkalis
    • 4.6.1 Relative Intensities of Fine-Structure Transitions
  • Further Reading
  • Exercises
• 5 The LS-Coupling Scheme
  • 5.1 Fine Structure in the LS-Coupling Scheme
  • 5.2 The jj-Coupling Scheme
  • 5.3 Intermediate Coupling: The Transition between Coupling Schemes
  • 5.4 Selection Rules in the LS-Coupling Scheme
  • 5.5 The Zeeman Effect
  • 5.6 Summary
  • Further Reading
  • Exercises
• 6 Hyperfine Structure and Isotope Shift
  • 6.1 Hyperfine Structure
    • 6.1.1 Hyperfine Structure for s-Electrons
    • 6.1.2 Hydrogen Maser
    • 6.1.3 Hyperfine Structure for l ≠ 0
    • 6.1.4 Comparison of Hyperfine and Fine Structures
  • 6.2 Isotope Shift
    • 6.2.1 Mass Effects
    • 6.2.2 Volume Shift
    • 6.2.3 Nuclear Information from Atoms
  • 6.3 Zeeman Effect and Hyperfine Structure
    • 6.3.1 Zeeman Effect of a Weak Field, μBB < A
    • 6.3.2 Zeeman Effect of a Strong Field, μBB > A
    • 6.3.3 Intermediate Field Strength
  • 6.4 Measurement of Hyperfine Structure
    • 6.4.1 The Atomic-Beam Technique
    • 6.4.2 Atomic Clocks
  • Further Reading
  • Exercises
• 7 The Interaction of Atoms with Radiation
  • 7.1 Setting up the Equations
    • 7.1.1 Perturbation by an Oscillating Electric Field
    • 7.1.2 The Rotating-Wave Approximation
  • 7.2 The Einstein B Coefficients
  • 7.3 Interaction with Monochromatic Radiation
    • 7.3.1 The Concepts of π-Pulses and π/2-Pulses
    • 7.3.2 The Bloch Vector and Bloch Sphere
  • 7.4 Ramsey Fringes
  • 7.5 Radiative Damping
    • 7.5.1 The Damping of a Classical Dipole
    • 7.5.2 The Optical Bloch Equations
  • 7.6 The Optical Absorption Cross-Section
    • 7.6.1 Cross-Section for Pure Radiative Broadening
    • 7.6.2 The saturation Intensity
    • 7.6.3 Power Broadening
  • 7.7 The a.c. Stark Effect or Light Shift
  • 7.8 Comment on Semiclassical Theory
  • 7.9 Conclusions
  • Further Reading
  • Exercises
• 8 Doppler-Free Laser Spectroscopy
  • 8.1 Doppler Broadening of Spectral Lines
  • 8.2 The Crossed-Beam Method
  • 8.3 Saturated Absorption Spectroscopy
    • 8.3.1 Principle of Saturated Absorption Spectroscopy
    • 8.3.2 Cross-Over Resonances in Saturation Spectroscopy
  • 8.4 Two-Photon Spectroscopy
  • 8.5 Calibration in Laser Spectroscopy
    • 8.5.1 Calibration of the Relative Frequency
    • 8.5.2 Absolute Calibration
    • 8.5.3 Optical Frequency Combs
  • Further Reading
  • Exercises
• 9 Laser Cooling and Trapping
  • 9.1 The Scattering Force
  • 9.2 Slowing an Atomic Beam
    • 9.2.1 Chirp Cooling
  • 9.3 The Optical Molasses Technique
    • 9.3.1 The Doppler Cooling Limit
  • 9.4 The Magneto-Optical Trap
  • 9.5 Introduction to the Dipole Force
  • 9.6 Theory of the Dipole Force
    • 9.6.1 Optical Lattice
  • 9.7 The Sisyphus Cooling Technique
    • 9.7.1 General Remarks
    • 9.7.2 Detailed Description of Sisyphus Cooling
    • 9.7.3 Limit of the Sisyphus Cooling Mechanism
  • 9.8 Raman Transitions
    • 9.8.1 Velocity Selection by Raman Transitions
    • 9.8.2 Raman Cooling
  • 9.9 An Atomic Fountain
  • 9.10 Conclusions
  • Exercises
• 10 Magnetic Trapping, Evaporative Cooling and Bose–Einstein Condensation
  • 10.1 Principle of Magnetic Trapping
  • 10.2 Magnetic Trapping
    • 10.2.1 Confinement in the Radial Direction
    • 10.2.2 Confinement in the Axial Direction
  • 10.3 Evaporative Cooling
  • 10.4 Bose–Einstein Condensation
  • 10.5 Bose–Einstein Condensation in Trapped Atomic Vapours
    • 10.5.1 The Scattering Length
  • 10.6 A Bose–Einstein Condensate
  • 10.7 Properties of Bose-Condensed Gases
    • 10.7.1 Speed of Sound
    • 10.7.2 Healing Length
    • 10.7.3 The Coherence of a Bose–Einstein Condensate
    • 10.7.4 The Atom Laser
  • 10.8 Conclusions
  • Exercises
• 11 Atom Interferometry
  • 11.1 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
  • 11.2 A Diffraction Grating for Atoms
  • 11.3 The Three-Grating Interferometer
  • 11.4 Measurement of Rotation
  • 11.5 The Diffraction of Atoms by Light
    • 11.5.1 Interferometry with Raman Transitions
  • 11.6 Conclusions
  • Further Reading
  • Exercises
• 12 Ion Traps
  • 12.1 The Force on Ions in an Electric Field
  • 12.2 Earnshaw’s Theorem
  • 12.3 The Paul Trap
    • 12.3.1 Equilibrium of a Ball on a Rotating Saddle
    • 12.3.2 The Effective Potential in an a.c. Field
    • 12.3.3 The Linear Paul Trap
  • 12.4 Buffer Gas Cooling
  • 12.5 Laser Cooling of Trapped Ions
  • 12.6 Quantum Jumps
  • 12.7 The Penning Trap and The Paul Trap
    • 12.7.1 The Penning Trap
    • 12.7.2 Mass Spectroscopy of Ions
    • 12.7.3 The Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Electron
  • 12.8 Electron Beam ion Trap
  • 12.9 Resolved Sideband Cooling
  • 12.10 Summary of Ion Traps
  • Further Reading
  • Exercises
• 13 Quantum Computing
  • 13.1 Qubits and Their Properties
    • 13.1.1 Entanglement
  • 13.2 A Quantum Logic Gate
    • 13.2.1 Making a CNOT Gate
  • 13.3 Parallelism in Quantum Computing
  • 13.4 Summary of Quantum Computers
  • 13.5 Decoherence and Quantum Error Correction
  • 13.6 Conclusion
  • Further Reading
  • Exercises
• A Appendix A: Perturbation Theory
  • A.1 Mathematics of Perturbation Theory
  • A.2 Interaction of Classical Oscillators of Similar Frequencies
• B Appendix B: The Calculation of Electrostatic Energies
• C Appendix C: Magnetic Dipole Transitions
• D Appendix D: The Line Shape in Saturated Absorption Spectroscopy
• E Appendix E: Raman and Two-Photon Transitions
  • E.1 Raman transitions
  • E.2 Two-Photon Transitions
• F Appendix F: The Statistical Mechanics of Bose–Einstein Condensation
  • F.1 The Statistical Mechanics of Photons
  • F.2 Bose–Einstein Condensation
    • F.2.1 Bose–Einstein Condensation in a Harmonic Trap
• References
• Index

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