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• Front Matter
  • Acknowledgments
  • Introduction
    • History
    • Summary
• 1 General Guidelines
  • General Guidelines
    • Figure 104 Graphic Convention for Figures
  • Building Blocks
    • Figure 1.1: ADA Figure 305.3. Clear Floor Space Required [for wheelchairs]. The space required for a wheelchair is a minimum of 30 inches × 48 inches, and when required, it should have a slope of no greater than 2% in all directions.
    • Figure 1.2a: This is a minimum width that a standard wheelchair will require.
    • Figure 1.2b: Vertical clearances take into consideration the wheelchair and the person using the wheelchair.
    • Figure 1.3: Crutches, walkers, and service animals will require different clearances. The minimum ADA requirements take into consideration these other devices.
    • Figure 1.4: A 60-inch-diameter circle is the minimum amount of space that a wheelchair will require to make 180º turn.
    • Figure 1.5: “T” turn. When there is not enough room for a 60-inch-diameter circle, space for a “T” turn is allowed.
    • Figure 1.6: ADA figure 307.2. An object mounted higher than 27 inches from the ground or lower than 80 inches from the ground cannot be detected by a person who is visually impaired. A cane, which some visually impaired people use for wayfinding, can only detect objects mounted below 27 inches.
    • Figure 1.7: This drinking fountain is not located along the main path of travel, but it is a protruding object because it is along a path of travel that a blind person would use.
    • Figure 1.8: An accessible operable part should not require tight grasping or twisting of the wrist to use.
    • Figure 1.9: ADA Figures 308.2.1 and 308.3.1. Operating mechanisms are mounted for a forward or a side approach.
    • Figure 1.10a: ADA Figure 308.2.2. Objects mounted over a counter are required to be mounted lower so that a person with a disability can reach and operate them.
    • Figure 1.10b: ADA Figure 308.3.2 shows the requirements for objects located so that people must reach sideways over obstructions.
    • Figure 1.10c: The cabinet located above the toilet does not meet the reach ranges as directed by the ADA Standards.
  • Accessible Routes
    • Figure 1.11: ADA Figure 403.5.1. This figure shows the allowable width reduction along the accessible route.
    • Figure 1.12: ADA Figure 406.4. This figure shows the landing required at the top of the curb ramps.
  • General Site
    • Figure 1.13: This door handle is obstructed by the paper towel dispenser, since it is closer than 18 inches, which prevents a person in a wheelchair from reaching it to open it.
    • Figure 1.14: This door has plenty of room for a person in a wheelchair to reach the door handle and open the door.
    • Figure 1.15: A ramp exiting close to a doorway, must be far enough away to allow for enough clearance at the door that a person in a wheelchair can open it to enter the building.
    • Figure 1.16: ADA Table 208.2. This table is used to determine how many accessible parking spaces are required in a parking lot or parking garage.
    • Figure 1.17: The campus of buildings has a total of 103 parking spaces, if you take the entire site as a whole. This would require five accessible parking spaces, which would be dispersed among the six buildings on the site.
    • Figure 1.18: If the parking count is determined by building and parking lot, then the number of accessible spaces would increase to eight for the entire facility.
    • Figure 1.19: A van requires more space than a standard car because of the lift mechanism required for the wheelchair to enter or exit the van.
    • Figure 1.20: A curb ramp should not be located in the access aisle, since doing this gives the aisle a slope steeper than 2%.
    • Figure 1.21: ADA Figure 302.3. Any openings, including grates, along the path of travel should not be wider than ½ inch. The figure shows a grate, but this also applies to control joints, grout lines of pavers, and other openings along the route.
    • Figure 1.22: This existing sidewalk is not accessible because of the heaving that occurs, which makes it higher than ½ inch.
    • Changes in Level
  • Accessible Entrances
    • Figure 1.23: A ramp is required when the changes in level exceed ½ inch.
    • Interior Accessible Route
      • Figure 1.24: This exterior door does not have the proper slope at the landing and could benefit from a power-assisted door opener that will keep the door open if the power is off.
  • Plumbing Fixtures
    • Figure 1.25: This elevator is not acceptable since it is not deep enough for a person to use it unassisted.
    • Figure 1.26: ADA Figure 604.8.1.1 shows the required dimensions of a standard accessible toilet compartment.
    • Figure 1.27: ADA Figure 604.8.2 shows the ambulatory compartment requirements.
    • Figure 1.28: A single-user restroom is allowed to have the door swing in, as long as the restroom has a 30 inch × 48 inch space where a wheelchair can be away from the swing of the door.
    • Figure 1.29: ADA Figure 608.3.1. A transfer shower should not be larger than the required dimensions; otherwise, the wheelchair user may not be able to reach the controls.
    • Figure 1.30: This roll-in shower has a seat that is not foldable and is, therefore, an obstruction in the floor space.
    • Figure 1.31: ADA Figure 608.3.2. A roll-in shower is designed for wheelchairs to wheel into them. Grab bars will not be required behind the foldable seat if one is provided.
  • Communication Features
    • Figure 1.32: This photo shows a sign that is mounted to the pull side of the door where a person could open the door as the visually impaired person is trying to read the sign.
    • Figure 1.33: This drinking fountain encroaches on the 18 inches x 18 inches required clear floor space in front of the sign, which impedes the reading of the sign.
  • Summary
• 2 Retail and Mixed-Use Facilities
  • Introduction
  • Shopping Malls
    • Site Arrival Points
      • Figure 2.1: Shopping malls are required to be accessible since they are a place of commercial activity.
    • Minimum Number of Parking Spaces Closest to the Entrances
      • Figure 2.2: Most shopping centers are accessed by vehicle, but a pedestrian route to the public right of way will be required also.
      • Figure 2.3: Parking is typically located all the way around the shopping mall, with accessible parking closest to the entrances.
      • Figure 2.4: Accessible parking should be arranged closest to the mall entrance.
    • Accessible Route to Entrances
      • Figure 2.5a: It is advisable that the accessible route be located in front of the parking in order to avoid the risk of a person getting hit by the car exiting the parking space if a person is wheeling or walking behind a parked car that is not their own.
      • Figure 2.5b: Parking spaces should have wheel stops to prevent cars from blocking the accessible route that is located in front of the cars.
      • Figure 2.6a: An accessible route from parking to sidewalk generally goes up a curb ramp.
      • Figure 2.6b: This accessible route does not have a curb ramp where it crosses a curb.
      • Figure 2.6c: ADA Figure 406.4 This figure depicts the new requirements for a landing at the top of a curb ramp.
      • Figure 2.6d: A curb ramp should have a 36-inch landing at the top of the ramp. This allows a pedestrian to go from one side of the sidewalk to the other without crossing over the curb ramp.
      • Figure 2.6e: A curb ramp that ends in front of a patio fence will not allow a person in a wheelchair to go from one side of the sidewalk to the other easily.
      • Figure 2.6f: Even though the landing is not required to have a specific slope, it is clear that it should be a slope of 2% or less when it is part of a cross slope of a walking surface. If the landing is only part of the running slope, then the slope can be 5% or less.
      • Figure 2.7: An accessible route should be a minimum of 36 inches wide. The sidewalk shown in the photograph is only 24 inches wide.
      • Figure 2.8: Gaps along the path of travel to the mall must be avoided. The wood expansion joint located at this sidewalk decayed away and created a gap wider than ½ inch.
    • Accessible Entrances
      • Figure 2.9a: A power-assisted door-opening mechanism should be located at a space close to the entrance but also with a slope of 2% or less.
    • Interior Accessible Route to Spaces
      • Figure 2.9b: If not all doors are accessible in a shopping center, clear signage directing people to the accessible entrance should be provided.
      • Figure 2.9c: Kiosks will have to be accessible, and if there are any transaction counters, they should be at the proper height per ADA Section 904.
      • Figure 2.10: If there are any level changes within the store, an accessible route should connect each level. These steps cannot be the only access to the upper level of the store.
      • Figure 2.11: Display shelves don't have to be accessible except for having an accessible route to them and between them.
    • Retail Spaces
      • Figure 2.12a: A 36–inch-wide accessible route between display cases is required for access.
      • Figure 2.12b: Drinking fountains should have proper clearances.
    • Checkout and Sales Counters
      • Figure 2.13: A shelf on the side of the counter that is not integrated to the main counter is not acceptable as the accessible checkout counter.
      • Figure 2.14: A service counter at a store should be no higher than 36 inches a.f.f.
    • Dressing and Fitting Rooms
      • Figure 2.15: Dressing rooms must have enough room for a wheelchair to enter and turn around, but also enough room to transfer onto the bench from the side.
      • Figure 2.16: ADA figure 903.4 shows the back support required at a freestanding bench.
    • Employee Areas
      • Figure 2.17: The maneuvering clearances at doors to enter the work area is required, but the interior space is not required to be accessible until such time when a disabled employee is hired. It is, however, advisable to provide interior clearances.
      • Figure 2.18a: A janitor's closet is considered a work area and requires approach, entrance to the room, and exit accessibility. Items within the room are not required to be accessible.
      • Figure 2.18b: A time clock is not required to be mounted at 48 inches a.f.f., but if a person with a disability is hired, it will need to be located at the proper accessible height.
      • Figure 2.18c: A POS station does not have to be at an accessible height, since it is a work area.
      • Figure 2.18d: A commercial kitchen in a food court restaurant is considered a work area and, therefore, only approach, entrance, and exit have to be accessible.
      • Figure 2.19: An employee break room is not exempt from having to be accessible. Knee and toe clearances per ADA section 306 and heights at the sink per ADA section 606 should be provided and reach ranges for accessories per ADA 308 should also comply.
      • Figure 2.20: Storage above the water closets must be within reach range of 44 inches over an obstruction, but this would cause a hazard to the user. This type of storage is not recommended.
      • Figure 2.21: A coat closet will be considered common use if it is located within a common area and if the function of storing personal items is not part of the workers' job description.
      • Figure 2.22: A common path of travel to the non-work areas will be required if they are located within the work area.
    • Common-Use Spaces
      • Figure 2.23: The common path of travel should be free from hazards for the visually impaired. This drinking fountain might be a hazard to a blind person if either of the units is mounted higher than 27 inches above the ground measured to the bottom of the fountain.
      • Figure 2.24: Family restrooms are unisex restrooms that are geared toward parents with their children. If a child fixture is provided, it must also be accessible and meet the children's requirements.
      • Figure 2.25a: A baby changing station is considered a “non-employee work counter” and must be mounted so that when opened it is not higher than 34 inches per ADA section 902 and a forward approach and knee clearance per ADA section 306 have to be provided as well.
      • Figure 2.25b: Telephones are required to be accessible if provided.
      • Figure 2.26: Multiple drinking fountains for different users are not required, but they are advisable.
    • Food Court
      • Figure 2.27a: Food courts have service and dining counters and must have the proper clearances and heights.
      • Figure 2.27b: This counter, which is where most people receive their order, is higher than the required height. Persons with disabilities would have to get their order in a different location.
      • Figure 2.27c: A high counter should have a portion at a lower height for wheelchair users.
      • Figure 2.27d: A bar where customers sit and consume their food should also have a portion that is lowered for the disabled customer to sit.
      • Figure 2.27e: Fixed booths should provide the proper widths in order for a person in a wheelchair to join his or her party.
      • Figure 2.28: Food service lines may be provided at food courts and should have the proper widths for use by people who are disabled.
    • Play Areas
      • Figure 2.29: A condiment table should have all items within reach range.
  • Strip Shopping Center
    • Figure 2.30: Play areas at shopping mall should have an accessible route and clear floor space adjacent to the play components.
    • Figure 2.31: Elevated and enclosed play areas and play components must be accessible.
    • Site Arrival Point
      • Figure 2.32: A strip shopping center is one that has stores attached to each other with exterior entrances and exterior accessible route.
      • Figure 2.33: Second stories at strip shopping centers are also required to be accessible.
      • Figure 2.34: A bus stop near a shopping center will necessitate that a pedestrian access be provided to the tenant entrances of the shopping center.
      • Figure 2.35: A steep entrance to the shopping center from the public right of way makes it difficult for pedestrians to access the shopping center directly from the street.
    • Parking
    • Accessible Route
    • Tenant Entrances
      • Figure 2.36a: Laying out parking spaces at a strip shopping center can be a challenge. It is best to disperse them where they will be as close as possible to most entrances.
      • Figure 2.36b: This strip shopping center does not provide any accessible parking spaces.
      • Figure 2.36c: Accessible parking spaces must have an access aisle that is clear from obstruction, and it is recommended that they have a direct connection to the sidewalk.
      • Figure 2.37: The planter in front of the curb ramp is decreasing the landing depth. There should be 36 inches of clear width in order to allow access.
      • Figure 2.38: Steps along the accessible route to the tenant stores should be avoided. If they exist, a second means of access via a ramp should also be provided.
      • Figure 2.39: A long walkway could be used as a means of access as long as the running slope is not greater than 5%.
      • Figure 2.40: An outdoor patio should not decrease the accessible route to other tenant spaces.
      • Figure 2.41: A ramp leading up to the tenant door should have a landing, and the door should have maneuvering clearances that do not exceed 2%. In this case, the person who is trying to open the door will roll downhill before being able to enter the store.
  • Lifestyle Center
    • Parking
      • Figure 2.42: Lifestyle centers have multiple buildings on one site with retail on the ground level and offices or residences on the upper levels.
      • Figure 2.43: This portion of the lifestyle center does not have any accessible parking spaces in front or near the building.
      • Figure 2.44: Routes from parking to the different buildings is recommended to be marked and curb ramps are required whenever the accessible route crosses a curb.
    • Accessible Route
      • Figure 2.45: A lamp post is impeding access along the accessible route.
    • Residential Facilities/Offices on Upper Floors
      • Figure 2.46a: Carpet should be laid down and attached securely to the floor.
      • Figure 2.46b: Carpet that is not laid down properly could prevent a door from opening the entire 90 degrees.
      • Figure 2.46c: A reception desk or transaction window should be mounted no higher than 36” a.f.f.
      • Figure 2.47a: The reception desk is not required to be accessible on the side where the receptionist is sitting.
      • Figure 2.47b: A service telephone counter should be mounted at 34 inches high, and a knee space should also be provided.
      • Figure 2.48a: Pocket doors should have hardware that, once the door is open, will allow the 32-inch minimum clearance to enter.
      • Figure 2.48b: Pocket door hardware should be able to be used without tight grasping and twisting of the wrist.
      • Figure 2.48c: Private offices are work areas and require only an accessible approach, entry, and exit. Furniture inside will not be required to have a certain height or knee clearances.
      • Figure 2.49: A lavatory in a restroom should not be obstructed by any stored materials.
      • Figure 2.50: Using recessed fixtures ensures that no protruding objects will be found along the circulation path of the restroom.
  • Summary
    • Reference Sections Chapter 2
• 3 Primary Education
  • Introduction
  • Administrative Areas
    • Figure 3.1: The administrative area is a common-use location, since visitors to the school also use it.
    • Employee Work Areas
      • Figure 3.2: The Art work room sink does not require accessibility, such as knee space and maximum counter heights, since it is considered a work area where only teachers work and not the students.
    • Service Areas
      • Figure 3.3: A nurse's station is a work area for the nurse, but since students also use it, it is a good idea to provide accessible elements.
      • Figure 3.4: Service counters at dining areas are required to be at an accessible height.
    • Service Yards and Loading Docks
  • General Application for Children Areas
    • Figure 3.5a: Plan view of accessible counter.
    • Figure 3.5b: Service counters at the front office must have an accessible portion.
    • Figure 3.6: Lab counters must have a knee space and be at an accessible height.
    • Figure 3.7: If a child-height drinking fountain is provided, it does not eliminate the requirement for a standard adult wheelchair drinking fountain or the requirement to provide an additional adult-size standing-person drinking fountain. The facility would have to provide three minimum: a standard wheelchair height one, a standing-height one, and a child-height.
    • Reach Ranges and Operating Mechanisms
    • Dining and Work Surfaces
      • Figure 3.8a, 3.8b, and 3-8c: Children's reach ranges.
      • Figure 3.9: These cubbies are higher than the recommended reach ranges for children.
      • Figure 3.10: Shelving at restrooms must also be at an accessible reach range.
      • Figure 3.11: The standards recommend that hand dryers in restrooms be at a child's height.
      • Figure 3.12: Five percent of locker opening mechanisms should be within a reach range, but their mechanism should also be the type that does not require tight grasping and twisting of the wrist to operate.
      • Figure 3.13: Even though tables in classrooms are not fixed, it is recommended that they be accessible for children with disabilities. Bookshelves are not required to be at an accessible height.
      • Figure 3.14: Tables at libraries should also be made accessible, even if they are not fixed so that children with disabilities can study together.
      • Figure 3.15: Five percent of lab tables should have a knee space as well as be at an accessible height for children.
  • Toilet Rooms and Elements
    • Figure 3.16: It is recommended that toilets for children meet the heights for children, including grab bars.
    • Drinking Fountains
      • Figure 3.17: Children's drinking fountain spout location.
      • Figure 3.18: Children's drinking fountain can have a parallel approach.
      • Figure 3.19: A high and a low drinking fountain are required at schools, and they must be mounted at the adult dimensions. There should also not be protruding objects according to the standards.
    • Toilet Compartments
    • Water Closets and Accessories
      • Figure 3.20: Size of children's accessible toilet compartment.
      • Figure 3.21: Children's toilet compartments are recommended for children with disabilities.
      • Figure 3.22a: Location of water closet and accessories (Ages 3 and 4).
      • Figure 3.22b: Location of water closet and accessories location (Ages 5 and 8).
      • Figure 3.22c: Location of water closet and accessories location (Ages 9 and 12).
      • Figure 3.23: Water closets for children should not be a tank type if the grab bar heights for children will be used. The distance between the tank and the grab bar should be 12 inches minimum in order to allow for gripping.
    • Mirrors
    • Lavatories and Sinks
      • Figure 3.24: Children's lavatories and sink's height and clearances.
      • Figure 3.25: Child-height lavatories are suggested so that children with disabilities can wash their hands independently.
      • Figure 3.26: A side approach to a sink is allowed for children five and under.
    • Dressing and Fitting Rooms
    • Signage
      • Figure 3.27: A knee space at a child sink is required if the children are over the age of 5.
      • Figure 3.28: Lavatories that are communal can be used as long as the proper knee clearances, reach ranges, and heights are maintained.
      • Figure 3.29: Benches in dressing rooms near children's lockers are required to have back supports so that children with disabilities can sit at them without difficulty.
  • Ramps and Stairs
    • Figure 3.30: This “Boys” signage has the pictogram below the corresponding text, which is not acceptable.
    • Figure 3.31: Additional children's handrail.
    • Figure 3.32: It is suggested that handrails for children be lower than for adults.
  • Assembly Areas
    • Figure 3.33: Wheelchair spaces are required to be provided in assembly areas.
    • Figure 3.34: A stage must be accessible, and access should be in the same place as the main access to the stage.
    • Figure 3.35: It is suggested that tables in cafeterias be made accessible even if they are not fixed.
    • Figure 3.36: Cafeteria lines must have the proper width for use by a child in a wheelchair.
  • Outdoor Play Areas
    • Figure 3.37: Playgrounds are required to be accessible, including the equipment.
  • Transportation Facilities
    • Passenger Loading Zones
      • Figure 3.38: Accessible passenger loading zone and aisle.
    • Bus Loading Zones
      • Figure 3.39: Passenger loading zones at schools must have the proper clear ground space and access to the school entrance.
  • Summary
    • TABLE 3.1: Advisory Specifications for Serving Children Ages 3 through 12
    • Reference Sections Chapter 3
• 4 Secondary and PostSecondary Education
  • Introduction
  • Accessible Sites and Parking
    • Bus Loading Zones
      • Figure 4.1: This figure shows the space required at the bus loading zone for persons with disabilities to board.
      • Figure 4.2a: Bus stops on campus should be connected to an accessible route to the rest of the buildings.
      • Figure 4.2b: A clear floor space inside the bus shelter should be provided for wheelchairs.
    • Location and Dispersion of Parking
      • Figure 4.3: Parking spaces must be provided for standard cars and for vans. They will each have a size requirement, but the access aisle should be 5 ft 0 in. min. for both.
      • Figure 4.4: Whenever possible, an accessible route in front of the parking spaces should be provided in order to minimize the risk of hazards. Also an access aisle between parking spaces should be provided for exiting.
    • Leased/Assigned Parking
      • Figure 4.5: Assigned parking should also have accessible spaces.
    • Playing Fields and Exterior Athletic Facilities
      • Grandstands and Bleachers
        • Figure 4.6a: A soccer field is exempted from having to be accessible, but an accessible route to the field as well as to any spectator seating is required.
        • Figure 4.6b: Concession stands are service counters and should meet the requirements for ADA Section 904.
      • Team or Player Seating
      • Press Boxes
        • Figure 4.7: Bleachers located inside the basketball court should have spaces available for wheelchairs.
        • Figure 4.8: Exterior bleachers and grandstands are required to have wheelchair spaces integrated into the seating.
        • Figure 4.9: Seating for wheelchairs can be single or double as long as wheelchair seats have companion seats next to them, and they must be part of the regular seating.
        • Figure 4.10: Team player seating, including baseball dugouts, are required to be accessible and have an accessible route.
        • Figure 4.11: This press box, even though it is accessed via the bleachers, is bigger than 500 square feet and must have an accessible route.
      • Luxury Boxes, Club Boxes, and Suites
      • Court Sports
      • Entry Gates
        • Figure 4.12: Tennis courts themselves are exempted, but an accessible route is required.
  • General Accessible Areas
    • Figure 4.13: A gate into a sports area must have the proper clearances and door hardware.
    • Security Barriers
      • Figure 4.14: Security barriers at libraries and bookstores have to be accessible and have the proper widths.
    • Temporary Structures and Facilities
  • Assembly Areas
    • Figure 4.15: Access to the stage from the audience seats is required if there are steps or other means to access the stage from the spectator seats.
    • Classrooms
      • Figure 4.16: A classroom with stadium seating must have accessible seating. It is best to disperse the seating in order to provide students with different viewing opportunities.
      • Figure 4.17: Even though a choir or orchestra practice room does not have fixed seats, it is important to provide areas for wheelchairs that are integrated into the stands. This allows students in wheelchairs to feel part of the class and participate like the other students.
      • Figure 4.18: Classrooms without fixed seating are not required to provide accessible table or seats, but the school or university should provide space for students who require assistance in order to avoid discrimination and to provide program access.
    • Other Box Seating and Outdoor Seating
      • Figure 4.19a: Computer labs must have 5% of their counters with knee clearance as well as the proper heights.
      • Figure 4.19b: Labs for students must also have 5% of the counters and at least one sink accessible with the proper knee clearances and heights for the counters.
      • Figure 4.19c: At least one lab counter should be at the accessible height.
      • Figure 4.20: A knee clearance for wheelchairs should be provided at classroom sinks.
      • Figure 4.21: Group seating in science classrooms should allow for a student in a wheelchair to sit at the same table with the rest of the students; 5% of the tables, but no less than one, should be accessible.
    • Performance Areas
      • Figure 4.22a: An outdoor bench requires access, including an accessible route to the bench.
      • Figure 4.22b: Box seats that are privately leased throughout the year must also have accessible seating.
      • Figure 4.23: Theater-style seats must include accessible seating.
      • Figure 4.24: Wheelchair seating should be arranged so that those who are disabled can have viewing angles in different situations, including seated, standing, and a combination of these.
      • Figure 4.25a, 4.25b, 4.25c, and 4.25d: ADA figures from section 802.2.1 and 802.2.2 of the 2010 ADA Standards show the different requirements for lines of sight at theaters.
    • Assistive Listening Systems (ALS)
      • Figure 4.26: When assisted listening devices are provided, a sign should be installed letting hearing impaired spectators that the devices are available and where to find them.
    • Ticket Booths and Concession Stands
  • Libraries
    • Figure 4.27: Libraries' stacks and counters are required to be on an accessible route.
    • Figure 4.28: Library stacks are not required to meet the reach ranges required in the 2010 ADA Standards.
  • Physical Education Facilities
    • Exercise Machines and Equipment
      • Figure 4.29: A portion of service counters at libraries are required to be at an accessible height.
      • Figure 4.30a: A library with multiple levels should have an accessible route connecting all levels.
      • Figure 4.30b: Five percent of study carrels must be accessible, since they are work surfaces in libraries.
      • Figure 4.31: Clear floor space should be provided adjacent to each piece of exercise equipment. An accessible route should also be provided.
    • Dressing, Fitting, and Locker Rooms
      • Figure 4.32: A bench located in a dressing locker room should have a back support.
      • Figure 4.33: Accessories in a dressing room, such as hand dryers, should be located within the reach range of persons in wheelchairs.
      • Figure 4.34: Shower rooms in locker rooms should be accessible and follow the requirements for shower compartments.
  • Swimming Pools
    • Figure 4.35: Swimming pools at higher education facilities will also have to be accessible.
    • Figure 4.36: A pool with steps up to it requires at least one means of access.
    • Figure 4.37: Transfer steps can be one of the secondary means of entry into a pool.
  • Other Spectator Sports Areas
    • Figure 4.38: Bleachers for baseball games require access up to the seating.
    • Figure 4.39: Bleachers in a basketball court require wheelchair spaces.
  • Dining Facilities
    • Figure 4.40: A fixed table and chairs will require a wheelchair space positioned for forward approach. The table pictured does not have a wheelchair space.
    • Figure 4.41: Exterior picnic tables must also have a wheelchair space.
  • Administrative Areas
    • Figure 4.42: Registrar's registration counters are considered “work surfaces” and must be accessible.
    • Figure 4.43: An information desk is considered a service counter.
    • Figure 4.44: This kitchenette requires a knee space at the sink, since there is a cooktop in the break room.
    • Figure 4.45: This service sink is located in front of the sign to the employee restroom. This does not comply with the requirement to have an 18 inch x 18 inch unobstructed standing space in front of the sign so that a person can read it.
    • Figure 4.46: Holding cells in university police stations must comply with the ADA Standards.
    • Figure 4.47: Lockers are storage facilities and must comply with the standards.
    • Figure 4.48: Loading docks are not required to be accessible, since they are work areas.
    • Figure 4.49: The telephone and room scheduler are not within the proper reach range heights required.
  • Housing at a Place of Education
    • Kitchens
    • Multi-Bedroom
    • Apartment or Townhouse Facilities
      • Figure 4.50: Clear floor spaces inside a kitchen are required at appliances.
  • Summary
    • Reference Sections Chapter 4
• 5 Hospitality
  • Introduction
    • New Construction
    • Existing Facilities
    • Public and Guest Areas
      • Site Access and Access to Public Transportation
      • Parking and Passenger Loading Zones
      • Registration and Guest Services
        • Figure 5.1: Passenger loading zone.
      • Sundry Shop/Retail
        • Figure 5.2: Registration counter—avoid cluttering the accessible counter. Sundry Shop/Retail
      • Business Center
      • Meeting Rooms/Conference Areas
      • Restaurant/Bar
      • Fitness Center
        • Figure 5.3: Clear width at a turn (ADA Standards Figure 403.5.2).
        • Figure 5.4: Obstructed high reach (ADA Standards Fig 308.3.2).
        • Figure 5.5: Transfer wall (ADA Standards Figure 1009.4.2).
      • Swimming Pool/Spa/Sauna
        • Figure 5.6: Transfer system (ADA Standards Figure 1009.5.7).
      • Play Areas/Recreation
      • Guest Laundry Facilities/Ice Machines/Vending Machines
      • Employee-Only Work Areas
        • Figure 5.7: Temporary facilities must comply with the same requirements for new permanent construction.
        • Figure 5.8a: Activities for children should be inclusive.
    • Guest Rooms with Mobility Features or Communications Features
      • Mobility features include
      • Communication features include
      • Figure 5.8b: A roll-in shower in a guest room of a hotel requires a bench to be provided. The ADA Figure 608.2.2 shows a possible layout for roll-in showers with benches.
      • Figure 5.8c: The controls for a roll-in shower with a seat are required to be close to the seat.
      • TABLE 5.1: Guest Rooms with Mobility Features
      • TABLE 5.2: Guest Rooms with Mobility Features
      • Figure 5.9: Two-story motel.
    • Examples
      • Hotel Isabel
        • Figure 5.10: Twelve-foot-wide room with king bed and bathtub.
        • Figure 5.11: Thirteen-foot wide room with two beds and roll-in shower.
      • Willow's Fork Resort
      • The Beth Lorraine
      • The Grant Motel
  • Summary
    • Reference Sections Chapter 5
• 6 Healthcare and Senior Living Communities
  • Introduction
    • Different Types of Healthcare
      • Figure 6.1: Wellness center with indoor pool and exercise areas, Dallas, Texas.
    • Alterations to Existing Healthcare and Long-Term Care Facilities
      • Figure 6.2: Alteration to a primary function area.
  • General Guidelines
    • Accessible Routes
      • Figure 6.3: Activity and physical therapy courtyard at Crown Point Health Suites, Lubbock, Texas.
      • Figure 6.4: Accessible raised planter for residents at Cartmell Home, Palestine, Texas.
      • Parking Spaces
      • Public Restrooms
      • Washing Machines and Clothes Dryers
      • Fire Alarm Systems
      • Dressing Rooms
      • Dining Rooms
        • Figure 6.5: Dining facility and bistro at Silverado Senior Living — Onion Creek, Austin, Texas.
    • Individual Spaces
      • Employee Work Areas
      • Exam Rooms
      • Shower Rooms
        • Figure 6.6: Features of an accessible exam room.
    • Patient and Resident Sleeping Rooms
      • Figure 6.7: Occupational therapy kitchen to provide rehabilitative training in a residential setting, Crown Point Health Suites, Lubbock, TX
      • Figure 6.8: An example of a tub/shower room with accessible lavatory, toilet, shower, and dressing areas.
      • Figure 6.9: Resident sleeping room with roll-in shower.
      • Accessible Sleeping Rooms
        • Figure 6.10: Semiprivate sleeping room.
      • Resident Room Bathrooms
        • Figure 6.11: Resident sleeping room with alternate roll-in shower.
        • Figure 6.11b: ADA Figure 608.5.3 Alternate Roll-In Type shower compartment
  • Summary
    • Figure 6.12: MyHouse™ nursing and assisted living prototype, a new model of resident centered care. Shown, courtyard and living room
    • Reference Sections Chapter 6
• 7 Amusement Parks and Play Areas
  • Site Arrival
    • Figure 7.1: Parking spaces.
    • Figure 7.2a: Passenger loading zone. A bus shelter inside the facility allows for different ways of arriving at the amusement park.
    • Figure 7.2b: Accessible entrance. The entrance to the amusement park is inviting and accessible.
  • PLAY AREAS
    • Figure 7.3a: Accessible play areas help children with different abilities to play together.
    • Figure 7.3b: This diagram shows the different terms in the play area mentioned in ADA Section number 1008.
    • Figure 7.4: Swings are considered ground-level play components because they are accessed from the ground. This swing at Morgan's Wonderland was designed for children who do not have upper body mobility and cannot hold themselves up. The back support is recommended for play components when it can be incorporated.
    • Ground Play Components
      • Figure 7.5a: Sandbox play component. An accessible route must connect to the border of a sandbox, but not access to the inside the sandbox. This photograph shows four areas where sandbox play components are located and an accessible route leading into them.
      • Figure 7.5b: Children with disabilities other than mobility issues can enjoy the sandbox.
      • Figure 7.6: The interactive features next to the slide in this play component are not within a reach range for a child who is seated. Some of them are too high for them to reach.
      • Figure 7.7: Table for Children's reach ranges.
    • Elevated Play Components
      • Figure 7.8: Elevated play components are also required to be accessible and on an accessible route.
    • Accessible Route
      • Figure 7.9: A jog on the accessible route around the tree is acceptable as long as the route is not reduced to less than 36 inch in width and only for 60 inches in length.
      • ADA Table 240.2.1.2 Number and Types of Ground Level Play Components Required to Be on Accessible Routes
      • Figure 7.10: This is a composite play structure with a double slide. The number of individuals who can play on a play component at once does not determine the quantity of play components provided in a play area. A play component can hold many children but is considered one type of play experience, or one play component in a play area. While a double slide may provide one experience, a spiral slide would provide a different experience, but they are both the same “type.”
      • Figure 7.11: Ramps connecting ground-level play components to elevated components is one method of connection.
      • Figure 7.12a: ADA Figure 1008.3.1 Transfer Platforms.
      • Figure 7.12b: Transfer platforms are another method of access for elevated play components.
      • Figure 7.13a: ADA Figure 1008.3.2 Transfer Steps.
      • Figure 7.13b: Transfer steps allow children with different abilities to use play components together.
      • Figure 7.14: Ramps are one way to enter elevated components.
    • Entry Points and Seats
    • Play for Visually and Hearing Impaired
    • Amusement Rides
      • Figure 7.15a, 7.15b: Swings for disabled children can take many forms. This one allows a wheelchair to be strapped inside in order for the child to swing while he is in his wheelchair.
      • Figure 7.15c: A father of a disabled child who uses a wheelchair told Morgan's Wonderland that, the first time he put his child in that swing, it brought tears to his eyes “It was the first time I was able to swing him like a normal kid.”
      • Figure 7.16a: ADA requirements for play tables.
      • Figure 7.16b: This water table will require a knee space and clearances for children who use wheelchairs.
      • Figure 7.16c: Music tables are also required to have knee clearances and reach ranges.
      • Figure 7.17a, 7.17b, and 7.17c: The Sensory Village at Morgan's Wonderland allows for many different experiences that are geared toward engaging children with special needs.
      • Figure 7.18a, 7.18b: This amusement ride has a transfer platform, where a person in a wheelchair can transfer onto the ride.
      • Figure 7.19: A wider door and a spacious cab allow a person in a wheelchair to enjoy this amusement ride.
      • Figure 7.20: ADA Figure 1002.4.4.3.
      • Figure 7.21: This ramp entry onto a ride is larger than 32 inches wide, which allows many different people, including wheelchair users to ride.
      • Figure 7.22: This carousel has different types of features, including some with back supports and some for wheelchair users to transfer on.
      • Figure 7.23: This stationary horse is next to the carousel so that kids can climb and get comfortable with the seat before they ride the carousel.
      • Figure 7.24: Morgan's Wonderland has different experiences for all types of special needs children and adults.
    • Fishing Piers
      • Figure 7.25: The fishing pier at Morgan's Wonderland is designed for all types of users.
      • Figure 7.26: This is ADA Figure 1005.3.2 Extended ground or deck surface at fishing piers and platforms.
  • Summary
    • Figure 7.27: Morgan's Wonderland is a wonderland for all.
    • Reference Sections Chapter 7 Amusement Parks and Play Areas
• 8 Historic Preservation and Remodels
  • Alterations
    • Figure 8.1: A new vending machine installed in an existing restroom will have to comply with the guidelines for reach ranges as well as for operating mechanisms. This vending machine does not have the proper operating mechanism.
    • Figure 8.2: This existing paper towel dispenser was a protruding object until the permanent waste paper basket was installed below it.
    • Figure 8.3: This restroom has one step up to it, but because the restroom is not a primary function, it will not require an accessible route to it.
    • Figure 8.4: This new paper towel dispenser reduced the accessible route width to the toilet compartment.
    • Figure 8.5: This curb ramp does not have a landing at the top, and it is closer than 36 inches to the building, but since it is an existing ramp, it is acceptable because the wheelchair user can exit the ramp using the flared sides, which are 1:12.
  • Entrances
  • Accessible Route
    • Figure 8.6: This plan shows an existing door and the clearances required for access.
    • Figure 8.7: This handrail extension is turned before the 12-inch extension is achieved because it is an existing ramp and the extension would be a hazard.
  • Path of Travel Elements
  • Tenant Finish-Outs
    • Figure 8.8: This existing parallel-approach drinking fountain is a safe harbor and will not be required to be replaced with a drinking fountain that has a front approach.
  • Alterations of Medical Care Facilities' Patient Rooms
  • Alterations of Transient Lodging Sleeping Rooms
  • Alterations of Holding Cells
  • Alterations of Residential Dwelling Units
  • Alterations of Restaurants
    • Figure 8.9: ADA Figure 904.4 (exception) shows the 24-inch counter allowed when remodeling existing counters would reduce the number of counters provided.
  • Alterations of Dressing Rooms and Lockers Rooms
  • Disproportionality: The 20% Rule
  • Series of Smaller Alterations
  • Safe Harbor
    • Figure 8.10: Elements like this public telephone that are mounted at 54 inches for a side approach are a safe harbor and will not be required to be lowered to 48 inches (the new requirement).
  • Historic Facilities
    • Figure 8.11: This historic building has steps leading to the main entrance. An alternate entrance could be used if providing access at the front may threaten or destroy the historic significance.
  • Summary
    • Reference Sections Chapter 8
• 9 Residential Projects
  • Introduction
    • Residential versus Transient Lodging
    • Applicability
    • Public and Common Use Spaces
      • Leasing Office
      • Exterior Routes
      • Parking
        • Figure 9.1: Visitor parking at a leasing office/clubhouse.
      • Mail Boxes
      • Dumpsters/Recycling Areas
      • Play Areas, Grills, Picnic Areas, and Fitness Areas
      • Swimming Pools
    • Residential Dwelling Units
      • Residential Dwelling Units with Mobility Features or Communication Features
      • Residential Units with Mobility Features
        • Figure 9.2: Pass through kitchen. (ADA standards Figure 804.2.1).
        • Figure 9.3: U-Shaped kitchen. (ADA standards Figure 804.2.2).
        • Figure 9.4: Accessible kitchen counter with work surface and lower upper cabinets.
        • Figure 9.5: Overlap of water closet clearance in residential dwelling units. (ADA standards Figure 604.3.2).
        • Figure 9.6: Permitted overlap of lavatory at an accessible bathtub. (ADA standards Figure 607.2).
      • Residential Units with Communication Features
  • Summary
    • Reference Sections Chapter 9
• 10 Universal Design beyond the ADA
  • Principle One: Equitable Use
    • Principle One Design Guidelines
      • 1a. Provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever possible and equivalent when not
        • Figure 10.1: An automatic door is a good example of the first principle of Universal Design. It is useful to persons with disabilities, but marketable for everyone else.
        • Figure 10.2: A stair with different-height handrails allows people with different requirements to use the same stair.
      • 1b. Avoid segregating or stigmatizing any users
      • 1c. Provisions for privacy, security, and safety should be equally available to all users
        • Figure 10.3: A registration desk at an office, which does not have a lower counter for a person with disability would be an example of segregating someone.
        • Figure 10.4: This is the solution to create an equitable counter.
        • Figure 10.5: This dressing room is large enough for a wheelchair user, but also someone with a stroller or someone who wants to feel comfortable changing.
      • 1d. Make the design appealing to all users
  • Principle Two: Flexibility in Use
    • Figure 10.6: A sloped sidewalk that is part of the landscape is an example of a design that is appealing to all.
    • Principle Two Design Guidelines
      • 2a. Provide a choice in methods of use
      • 2b. Accommodate right- or left-handed access and use
        • Figure 10.7: This office furniture has adjustable legs, which allow a choice of height for different people.
      • 2c. Facilitate the user's accuracy and precision
      • 2d. Provide adaptability to the user's pace
        • Figure 10.8: A ramp that has two handrails is not only acceptable under the ADA guidelines, but also allows a person to use either side, depending on the direction of travel.
        • Figure 10.9: A lever door hardware is a universally designed element that does not require accuracy to operate and can be used by people with different abilities.
        • Figure 10.10: Pavers along this path could be a hazard, since it requires the pedestrian to accurately land on the pavers so as not to lose his or her balance.
        • Figure 10.11: A universal design for a doorway will not take less than 5 seconds to close.
  • Principle Three: Simple and Intuitive Use
    • Principle Three Design Guidelines
      • 3a. Eliminate unnecessary complexity
        • Figure 10.12: This faucet would be considered a universal faucet because it is simple to use and not hard to figure out.
      • 3b. Be consistent with user expectations and intuition
      • 3c. Accommodate people with a wide range of literacy and language skills
      • 3d. Arrange information consistent with its importance
        • Figure 10.13: An elevator hall button is typically found on the wall adjacent to the elevator. This one was located in the ceiling, which is not a universal location.
        • Figure 10.14: Symbols instead of words are a good way to keep things universal for persons who cannot read.
        • Figure 10.15: This sign has the word “Emergency” larger than the other words, which allows a person looking for the emergency room find it easily
        • Figure 10.16: An elevator call button will prompt the user that the cab has arrived.
      • 3e. Provide effective prompting and feedback during and after task completion
  • Principle Four: Perceptible Information
    • Principle Four Design Guidelines
      • 4a. Use different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile) for redundant presentation of essential information
        • Figure 10.17: Signage with text, Braille, and pictograms allows different people with different reading abilities to understand it.
      • 4b. Provide adequate contrast between essential information and its surroundings
        • Figure 10.18: Door trims that are painted a contrasting color help with wayfinding.
      • 4c. Maximize “legibility” of essential information
      • 4d. Differentiate elements in ways that can be described (i.e., make it easy to give instructions or directions)
        • Figure 10.19: Fonts that are not san serif are harder to read, making it more difficult to understand the words.
        • Figure 10.20: These purple cubbies in a preschool allow persons who are trying to find a classroom to know that their location is near the cubbies just by describing them.
      • 4e. Provide compatibility with a variety of techniques or devices used by people with sensory limitations
  • Principle Five: Tolerance for Error
    • Principle Five Design Guidelines
      • 5a. Arrange elements to minimize hazards and errors: most used elements, most accessible, hazardous elements eliminated, isolated, or shielded
      • 5b. Provide warnings of hazards and errors
      • 5c. Provide fail-safe features
        • Figure 10.21: This telephone is equipped with TYY so that a deaf person can use it.
        • Figure 10.22: This is a high drinking fountain that is being shielded by a rail. This allows a person to either feel or see the rail without hitting themselves with the edge of the drinking fountain.
        • Figure 10.23: An open stair would require a way to stop a person from hitting their head with the treads behind the stair. In this case, a planter was used to enhance the space as well as to shield the hazard.
        • Figure 10.24: Having detectable warnings at train station platforms is a Universal Design guideline, which helps more than blind persons to stay away from hazards, such as a train track.
        • Figure 10.25: The rail at the base of the open stair is used as a warning for persons who are visually impaired so they will not walk into the stair.
        • Figure 10.26: A GFI electrical outlet reduces the risk of shock in restrooms.
      • 5d. Discourage unconscious action in tasks that require vigilance
  • Principle Six: Low Physical Effort
    • Principle Six Design Guidelines
      • 6a. Allow user to maintain a neutral body position
        • Figure 10.27: This path does not have a fail-safe feature. If people do not land on the flagstone, they will land on the mulch, which is not a stable surface and they could lose their balance trying to get across.
        • Figure 10.28: People who are distracted while walking may find themselves in a dangerous predicament when approaching a hazard such as this.
        • Figure 10.29: Drinking fountains that are high and low in the same area will allow for the use of the drinking fountain without straining the body.
      • 6b. Use reasonable operating forces
        • Figure 10.30: A dual flush valve is used for saving energy. However, the amount of force required to flush with this type of valve is greater than 5 lbs. which is not recommended for many older or younger people who may not have strong upper bodies.
      • 6c. Minimize repetitive actions
      • 6d. Minimize sustained physical effort
        • Figure 10.31: A computer with voice recognition technology eliminates the need for highly repetitive keystrokes.
        • Figure 10.32: A thumb latch for pocket doors is not a good Universal solution since it takes more effort to open the door with this type of mechanism.
        • Figure 10.33: A curb ramp is a good example of an element which minimizes physical effort. It is easier to use than lifting objects over the curb.
  • Principle Seven: Size and Space for Approach and Use
    • Principle Seven Design Guidelines
      • 7a. Provide a clear line of sight to important elements for any seated or standing user
        • Figure 10.34: A mirror mounted higher than 40 inches a.f.f. is not accessible per the ADA, but also not universal. A line of sight for seated patrons as well as standing ones should be taken into consideration.
      • 7b. Make reach to all components comfortable for any seated or standing user
      • 7c. Accommodate variations in hand and grip size
        • Figure 10.35: A break room has many items that both wheelchair users and able-bodied people will use. Locating things within a wheelchair reach range is also useful for other people.
      • 7d. Provide adequate space for the use of assistive devices or personal assistance
        • Figure 10.36: A handrail that is not too large or hard to grasp will be able to be used by many people with different grip and hand sizes.
        • Figure 10.37: Allowing a 30 inch × 48 inch space for wheelchairs near certain elements makes a space universal for others to enjoy.
  • Summary
• Back Matter
  • Appendix A: Reference Tables
    • Chapter 2 Retail and Mixed-Use Facilities
      • Reference Sections Chapter 2 Retail and Mixed-Use Facilities
    • Chapter 3 Primary Education
      • Reference Sections Chapter 3 Primary Education
    • Chapter 4 Secondary and Postsecondary Education
      • Reference Sections Chapter 4 Secondary and Postsecondary Education
    • Chapter 5 Hospitality
      • Reference Sections Chapter 5 Hospitality
    • Chapter 6 Healthcare and Senior Living Communities
      • Reference Sections Chapter 6 Healthcare and Senior Living Communities
    • Chapter 7 Amusement Parks and Play Areas
      • Reference Sections Chapter 7 Amusement Parks and Play Areas
    • Chapter 8 Historic Preservation and Remodels
      • Reference Sections Chapter 8 Historic Preservation and Remodels
    • Chapter 9 Residential Projects
      • Reference Sections Chapter 9 Residential Projects
  • Appendix B: Resources
  • Index

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