Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half title
• Title page
• Imprints page
• Contents
• Preface
• 1 History, science, and psychology
  • Historiography of psychology
    • Internal and external history
    • Zeitgeist and great man history
    • Presentist and contextualist history
    • Conceptual history of psychology
    • History of psychology as an academic discipline
  • Science and psychology
    • Objectivity
    • Causal explanation
    • Empirical evaluation
    • Atomism
    • Universality of causal explanation
    • Ontological Invariance
    • Explanatory reduction
    • Experimentation and empiricism
  • Philosophy, physiology, and science
• 2 Ancient Greek science and psychology
  • Greek science
    • The naturalists
    • The formalists
    • The physicians
  • Aristotle: the science of the psyche
    • Theoretical science
    • Causality and teleology
    • Aristotle’s psychology
    • Materialism and psychological explanation
    • Functionalism in Aristotle
    • Consciousness and vitality
• 3 Rome and the medieval period
  • The Roman age
    • Rome and science
    • The decline of the Roman Empire
    • Neoplatonism and Christianity
    • Christianity and pagan thought
  • Medieval psychology
    • Islam
    • European recovery: reason and faith
      • The Christian Church and Aristotelian philosophy
      • The inner senses
    • Medieval christianity and science
      • Witches and demons
      • Natural fools and accidie
      • Empiriks
  • The end of the medieval period
• 4 The scientific revolution
  • Renaissance and Reformation
  • The scientific revolution
    • The Copernican revolution
    • Realism and instrumentalism
    • Galileo and the new science
    • Andreas Vesalius and the scientific revolution in medicine
    • Francis Bacon and the inductive method
      • Social dimensions of science
    • The Newtonian synthesis
  • Man the machine
    • René Descartes: mind and mechanism
      • Descartes’ science
      • Animal automatism
      • Mind and body
      • Machine and animal intelligence
      • Endogenous vitalism
      • Introspection and images
    • La Mettrie: machine man
      • Organized matter
      • Machines and morality
    • Thomas Hobbes: empiricism, materialism, and individualism
  • Mental mechanism and stimulus–response psychology
• 5 The Newtonian psychologists
  • The Newtonian psychologists
    • Newtonian science
    • John Locke: the under-laborer for Newtonian science
      • Psychological and meaning empiricism
      • Primary and secondary qualities
      • Consciousness
      • The association of ideas
    • George Berkeley: constancy and coherence
      • Cogeries of sensible impressions
      • Sign and signified
      • Distance perception
    • David Hume: mental mechanism
      • Impressions and ideas
      • Mental mechanism
      • Causality as constant conjunction
      • The empiricist conception of causal explanation
      • Hume’s moral psychology
    • David Hartley: the neurology of association
    • Sensationalists and Idéologues in France
  • Critical responses to Newtonian psychology
    • Realism and common sense
    • Rationalist reaction
      • Leibniz and apperception
      • Kant and the categories
    • Something completely different
  • Toward a science of psychology
• 6 Physiology and psychology
  • Positivism
  • Associationist psychology
    • James Mill: points of consciousness
    • John Stuart Mill: mental chemistry and unconscious inference
      • Psychological science
      • Unconscious inference
    • Alexander Bain: psychology and physiology
      • Voluntary behavior
  • Cerebral localization
    • Franz Joseph Gall: phrenology
      • Empirical and biological psychology
      • Applied phrenology
    • Pierre Flourens: experimental physiology
      • Experimental ablation
      • The functional unity of the cerebral cortex
    • François Magendie: the Bell–Magendie law
      • Sensory and motor nerves
      • Cognition and sensory-motor function
    • Pierre-Paul Broca: aphasia
    • Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig: the excitability of the cerebral cortex
    • The sensory-motor theory of the nervous system
      • Ideomotor behavior
      • Epiphenomenalism
      • Control and inhibition
  • Experimental physiology in Germany
    • Johannes Müller: experimental physiology
    • Vitalism and the Berlin Physical Society
    • Emil du Bois-Reymond: electrophysiology
    • Hermann von Helmholtz: physiological psychology
      • Perception as unconscious inference
    • Ivan Sechenov: inhibition
    • Gustav Fechner: psychophysics
  • Physiological psychology and objective psychology
• 7 Theories of evolution
  • Early evolutionary theories
    • Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: the inheritance of acquired characteristics
  • Herbert Spencer: evolution as a cosmic principle
    • Spencer’s theory of evolution
      • Social Darwinism
      • Evolutionary psychology
      • Spencer’s impact
  • Charles Darwin: evolution by natural selection
    • The voyage of the Beagle
    • The theory of evolution by natural selection
      • Darwin’s delay
      • The reception of Darwin’s theory
      • The Descent of Man
      • Darwinism, racism, and sexism
    • Neo-Darwinism
    • Darwin’s influence on psychology
  • Francis Galton: individual differences and eugenics
    • Individual differences
    • Nature and nurture
    • Eugenics
  • Mental evolution and comparative psychology
    • Spalding on instinct
    • George John Romanes: animal intelligence
      • Romanes’ methodology
    • Conwy Lloyd Morgan: Morgan’s canon and emergent evolution
      • Morgan’s canon
      • Emergent evolution
  • Stimulus–response psychology
• 8 Psychology in Germany
  • Psychology in Germany before Wundt
    • Johann Friedrich Herbart: dynamic psychology
  • Wilhelm Wundt: physiological psychology
    • The Leipzig laboratory
    • Physiological psychology
      • Experimental methods
    • Wundt’s psychology
      • Völkerpsychologie
      • Wundt’s legacy
      • Wundt’s American students
  • German psychology beyond Leipzig
    • Hermann Ebbinghaus: on memory
    • Georg Elias Müller: the experimentalist
    • Franz Brentano: intentionality
    • Carl Stumpf: the Berlin Institute of Experimental Psychology
    • Oswald Külpe: the Würzburg School
      • The Würzburg Institute
      • Imageless thoughts and determining tendencies
      • The modern investigation of thinking
      • The controversy with Wundt
    • Gestalt psychology
      • The Phi phenomenon
      • Relational elements
      • Good form
      • Koffka and Köhler
      • Gestalt psychology and field theory
      • The support for Gestalt psychology
      • The legacy of Gestalt psychology
  • Applied psychology in Germany
• 9 Psychology in America: the early years
  • Psychology and the development of the American University
    • The success of psychology
    • Philosophy and psychology
    • Applied psychology
  • James and Münsterberg at Harvard
    • William James
      • The Metaphysical Society
      • James’ psychology
      • James’ influence
    • Hugo Münsterberg
      • Popular and applied psychology
  • Ladd and Scripture at Yale
  • Hall at Johns Hopkins and Clark
    • Johns Hopkins and the new psychology
    • Clark and genetic psychology
    • The American Psychological Association
    • Adolescence and sex
    • Old age
  • Applying the Wundtian skeleton: Cattell, Witmer, Scott, and Wolfe
    • James McKeen Cattell: mental testing
    • Lightner Witmer: clinical psychology
    • Walter Dill Scott: industrial psychology
    • Harry Kirke Wolfe: scientific pedagogy
  • Edward B. Titchener and structural psychology
    • Structural psychology
    • Inspection and introspection
    • Völkerpsychologie and applied psychology
    • The Experimentalists
    • Imageless thought
    • The eclipse of structural psychology
  • Scientific and applied psychology
• 10 Functionalism, behaviorism, and mental testing
  • The turn to applied psychology
  • Functional psychology
    • Baldwin and Titchener on reaction time
      • Individual differences
    • John Dewey: purpose and adaptation
      • The reflex arc
    • James Rowland Angell: the province of functional psychology
      • The utilities of consciousness
    • Functional psychology as American psychology
    • Social engineering
  • Behaviorism
    • Background to behaviorism
    • Early forms of behaviorism
      • William McDougall: purposive behaviorism
    • Animal psychology
      • The albino rat
      • Criteria of the psychic
    • Edward L. Thorndike: the law of effect
      • The law of effect
      • Connectionism
      • Educational psychology
    • Ivan Pavlov: classical conditioning
      • Conditioned reflexes
    • Bechterev and motor reflexes
    • John B. Watson: psychology as the behaviorist views it
      • Watson’s behaviorism
      • Cognition as motor response
      • The reception of Watson’s behaviorism
      • Learning and conditioning
      • Life’s little difficulties
      • Watson’s environmentalism
      • Last years
  • Mental testing, immigration, and sterilization
    • The Binet–Simon intelligence test
    • Goddard and the feebleminded
    • The First World War and the army testing project
      • Putting psychology on the map
    • Immigration and sterilization
  • The status of applied psychology
• 11 Neobehaviorism, radical behaviorism, and problems of behaviorism
  • Neobehaviorism
    • Logical positivism
      • Operationism
    • Edward C. Tolman: purposive behaviorism
      • Purposive behaviorism
      • Intervening variables and hypothetical constructs
    • Clark L. Hull: a Newtonian behavioral system
      • Intervening variables and cognitive constructs
    • Neobehaviorist theory and operational definition
      • What is learned?
      • Theoretical meaning and operational measures
  • Radical behaviorism
    • Operant conditioning
    • Explanatory fictions
    • Radical behaviorism
  • The Second World War and the professionalization of academic psychology
    • Psychological contributions to the war effort
    • The reorganization of the American Psychological Association
    • Postwar expansion
  • Problems of behaviorism
    • Chomsky’s critique of Skinner
    • The misbehavior of organisms
    • Contiguity and frequency
    • Consciousness and conditioning
    • The neurophysiology of learning
  • The eve of the cognitive revolution
• 12 The cognitive revolution
  • Information theory
    • Claude Shannon: communication theory
    • Norbert Wiener: cybernetics
    • Donald Broadbent: information processing
    • Computers and cognition
      • Turing machines
      • ENIAC and EDVAC
    • Computer simulation of cognitive processes
      • Artificial intelligence
  • Cognitive psychology
    • Jerome Bruner: higher mental processes
    • George Miller: cognitive science
    • Strategies, programs, and plans
    • Ulric Neisser: cognitive psychology
    • The cognitive revolution
  • The cognitive revolution
    • The cognitive revolution as paradigm shift
    • From intervening variables to cognitive hypothetical constructs
  • Cognition and behavior
    • Structuralism and anthropomorphism
    • The cognitive tradition
    • Critical reaction
  • The second century
• 13 Abnormal and clinical psychology
  • Neuroses, alienists, and psychiatry
  • The reform of asylums
  • Magnetism, mesmerism, and hypnosis
  • Freud and psychoanalysis
    • Studies on hysteria
    • Psychosexual development
    • The reception of Freud’s theory
    • The scientific status of Freud’s theory
  • Scientific psychology and abnormal psychology
  • ECT, lobotomy, and psychopharmacology
    • Psychoactive drugs and institutional care
    • The myth of mental illness
  • Postwar clinical psychology
    • Clinical training
  • Humanistic psychology
  • Into the twenty-first century
• Epilogue: the past and future of scientific psychology
• Index

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